lecture 01 introduction to computer1314_a

7/27/2019 Lecture 01 Introduction to Computer1314_a

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FJAF0112Computer Science 1

(INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS)

Semester 1, Session 2013/2014Center for Foundation Studies in Science

University of Malaya


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Ancient Technology


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COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS


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- An Electronic Device

- operating under control of Sets of Instru ct ion s

(Operating Systems&Utility Program &Programming Language)

stored in itsMemory(System Unit&Processor);

- that can acceptData(Input Process &its Devices);

- manipulatethe data accordingly to the specific rules

(Application Software&Programming Language);

- produceInformat ion(Output Process & its Devices);

- storethe information for future use (Storage Devices & Media);

- andcommunicate the data and/or information between users

(Communication& Network Systems).

WHAT IS A COMPUTER?


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HISTORY OF COMPUTER BY GENERATIONS

300 BCChinese

Abacus

John Napier invented logar i thms, which

are a technology that allows multiplication

to be performed via addition. The magic

ingredient is the logarithm of each

operand, which was originally obtained

from a printed table. But Napier also

invented an alternative to tables, where the

logarithm values were carved on ivory

sticks which are now called Napier 's

Bones.


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1625 AD

Wilhelm Schickard's Mechanical Calculatorthe German astronomer and mathematician Wilhelm Schickard wrote a

letter to his friend Johannes Kepler about fifteen years before Pascal

started developing his Arithmetic Machine. The machine could add and subtrasix-digit numbers, and indicated an overflow of this capacity by ringing a bell;

to add more complex calculations, a set of Napier's boneswere mounted on it.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napier's_boneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napier's_bones


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* 1642 ADthe Pascaline

Pascal began work on his calculator in 1642, when he was only 19 years old.He had been assisting his father, who worked as a tax commissioner, and sought

to produce a device which could reduce some of his workload
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Arts_et_Metiers_Pascaline_dsc03869.jpg


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Just a few years after Pascal, the German

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (co-inventor with Newton of calculus)

managed to build a four-function (addition, subtraction, multiplication,and division) calculator that he called the stepped recko nerbecause,

instead of gears, it employed fluted drums having ten flutes arranged around

their circumference in a stair-step fashion. Although the stepped reckoner

employed the decimal number system (each drum had 10 flutes), Leibniz was

the first to advocate use of the binary number system which is fundamental tothe operation of modern computers. Leibniz is considered one of the greatest

of the philosophers but he died poor and alone.


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1800 AD

Jacquard's Punched Cards

In the early 1800s, a French silk weaver calledJoseph-Marie Jacquard invented a way of

automatically controlling the warp and weft

threads on a silk loom by recording patterns

of holes in a string of cards.

In the years to come, variations on Jacquard's punched cardswould find a variety of uses, including representing the

music to be played by automated pianos and the storing of

programs for computers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hollerith.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Lochkarte_Tanzorgel.jpg


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*1842 ADBabbages Difference Engine & the Analytical

*Engine

As w as previously noted, the f i rst device

that migh t be considered to be a

computer in the modern sense of the

word was conceived b y the eccentr ic

Br i t ish mathematician and inventor

Char les Babbage.a

In 1822, Babbage proposed building a machine called the Difference Engin

to automatically calculate mathematical tables. The Difference Engine

was only partially completed when Babbage conceived the idea of another

more sophisticated machine called an Analytical Engine. The

Analytical Engine was intended to use loops of Jacquard's punched

cards to control an automatic calculator, which could make decisions

based on the results of previous computations. This machine was also

intended to employ several features subsequently used in moderncomputers, including sequential control, branching, and looping.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:CharlesBabbage.jpg


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Part of Charles Babbage's Difference Engine assembled after his death by

Babbage's son
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/BabbageDifferenceEngine.jpg


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Augusta Ada Lovelace

the first computer programmer

the daughter of the famous poet Lord

Byron (Ada would later become the

Countess Lady Lovelace by marriage)

Ada earned her spot in history as the first

computer programmer. Ada invented the

subroutine and was the first to recognize

the importance of looping


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1890 AD

Herman Hollerith's Tabulating Machines

It is often said that necessity is the mother of

invention, and this was certainly true in thecase of the American census. Following the

population trends established by previous

surveys, it was estimated that the census of

1890 would be required to handle data from

more than 62 million Americans.In addition to being prohibitively expensive, the existing system of

making tally marks in small squares on rolls of paper and then adding

the marks together by hand was extremely time consuming. In fact it

was determined that, if the system remained unchanged, there was

no chance of collating the data from the 1890 census into any useful

form until well after the 1900 census had taken place, by which time the

1890 data would be of little value.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hollerith.jpg


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FJAF0112 / 02


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FJAF0112 / 02

PART A (20 Marks)Answer ALL questions
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/BabbageDifferenceEngine.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Arts_et_Metiers_Pascaline_dsc03869.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:CharlesBabbage.jpg


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1920s1950s : First IBM HQ

(1924 AD), ABC Computer

(1942 AD), Electromechanical MARK 1

(1944 AD), Electronic ENIAC

(1944 AD)FIRST GENERATION(1951 AD1958 AD)

1951ADUNIVAC 1 The use of Vacuum Tube

SECOND GENERATION (1959 AD1964)


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To Define a Typical Computer System

COMPUTER

SYSTEM

SOFTWARE

Utility

ProgramOperating

System

Programming

Language

HARDWARE

Input Devices

System Unit

Output Devices

Communication

Devices

Storage

Devices

APPLICATION

SOFTWARE

Programming

Language


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Fig 1-1 Typical Components of a PC


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PERSONAL COMPUTERS PLATFORM

COMPATIBILITY FACTORS

PLATFORM COMPATIBILITYOS-SOFTWARE COMPATIBILITYExamples : 1. Wintel Configuration PC MicrosoftWindows OS + Intel/Intel-compatible Processor)2. MacOS X +Motorola PowerPCSoftware compatibility- compatibility that a particular software has running on a particular

CPU architecture

Hardware compatibility- compatibility of computer hardware components with a

particular CPU architecture, motherboard or operating system.

Platform

- Processor: Intel Core i7, Intel Core i5, and Intel Core i3- Operating System:Android, BSD, iOS, GNU/Linux, OS X, QNX,

Microsoft Windows,[3]Windows Phone, and IBM z/OS


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BASIC IDEA OF COMPUTER PROCESS

DATA

- Collection of Unprocessed (Raw) & Unformatted Items that bears no meaning.

- It can be in the form of text, numbers, images, audio or video.

- Example : 400720035145

INFORMATION

- Processed data that gives meaningful result that human can understands.

- Use of Standard Processing Software, i.e. MicrosoftAccess.

- Example : 400720-03-5145

INFORMATION PROCESSING CYCLE

- Series & Sequence of Input, Output, Processing & Storage activities.

KNOWLEDGE

- a body of governing procedures which are used to manipulate ororganized data to make it suitable for a given task.

WISDOM

- accumulated knowledge in a more generalized rules & schemes

to understand the specific domain.


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Fig 1-4 The IBM Compatible PC


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Fig 1-5 The Apple (iMac) PC


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Fig 1-6 A Notebook Computer (Laptop)


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Fig 1-7 A Wearable PC


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Fig 1-9 A Tablet PC


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Fig 1-10 A Delivery Information Acquisition Device (DIAD)


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Fig 2-11 (B)A Very Powerful WorkstationFig 1-14 A Very Powerful Workstation


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Fig 1-16 A Mainframe Computer


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Google Glass


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Fig 1-18 Categories of User


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Fig 3-1 The System Unit of a typical PC


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Fig 3-2 The Motherboard

MACHINE CYCLEA series of 4 basic operations

b t I t ti Ti (I Ti ) d E ti Ti


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Fig 3-3 The Chip

Fig 3-4 The Microchip

between Instruction Time (I-Time) and Execution Time

(E-Time) in the processor.

THE FOUR BASIC OPERATIONS

FETCHINGthe process of obtaining a

program instruction or data item from

memory.

DECODINGthe process of translating the

instructions into signals the computer can

execute.

EXECUTINGthe process of carrying out

the command.

STORINGwriting the results to memory

(caution! not to the storage media ordevices!)


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Fig 3-7 The Machine Cycle


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Fig 3-3 The Chip

Fig 3-4 The Microchip

THE DEFINED TIMEThe I-Time: the machine time defined

between the process of fetching & the

process of decoding.

The E-Time: the machine time defined

between the process of executing & the

process of storing.


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THE PARALLEL PROCESSING & THE MACHINE CYCLES


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THE PARALLEL PROCESSING & THE MACHINE CYCLES

PIPELINING

PARALLEL PROCESSING the use more than one processor (or using multiple co-

processors) to speed up the processing cycle.

Multiple processors/co-processors simultaneously execute aprogram.

Divides the main program-problem into sub-programs/sub-modular problem, and thus the multiple processors/co-

processors can work on their assigned sub-programs/sub-modular problem.

Requires special software.

Example : Supercomputing for weather prediction

MACHINE CYCLES WITH PIPELINING

A processing concept similar to parallel processing

Concept ~ the processor begins fetching the secondinstruction before it completes the machine cycle for the firstinstruction.

The advantage ~ avoiding processing bottleneck at bus line.


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Fig 3-10 Parallel Processing


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lecture 01 introduction to computer1314_a

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