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Lecive on cj-e.all.Cleopatra

Cleopatrawasthem.OstfamousofawEgyptianqueens.ShewasadescendantofthePtolemles,aGreekfamllythatruledEgyptforoverthreehundrodyears.Herfatheratthetime of his death left tlle throne to Cleopatra and her brother. Shortly thetieafter tiorbrotherhadCleopatraexiledSothathecouldbecomethesolerulerofEgypt.

WhenJulfusCaesarcametoEgypt,Cleopatladevlsedaschemeforgettfngfntohlspalacetoaskforaldagainstherbrother.Shehadherselfrolleduplntoarug.TherugwassenttoCaesarasagift.Whenthe§ervantsunrolledtherug,thebeautlfulCleopatraemerged.CaesarwassooncaptivatedbyCleopatraandhelpedherrogalnthetlironetosharothlstlmewlthayoungerbrother.WhenCae8arretumedtoRomeshefollowedhjmandllvedthereuntHthetlmeofhisdeath.ShetlienreturnedtoEgyptwlthheryoungson. Not long after her return her younger brother with whom slle shared the thronedied. Many believe that Cleopatra had him poisoned so that she and her son couldbecome the now rulers.

At about the same time the F]oman Empire, without Caesar's I®adershlp, began tocrumble. It was dMded, and Mark Antonn a frlend of Caesar8, was glven the Eastom

n#oT!'#t:3io't:e?:T:#bet!t:i;e%gtaa,`n:a::fo:ffe:p:e:fdgee:rtgo!oauv#:a:ni:fgei:I:,,:3Ea::k:u;,:i:st:I,;.thesoleruleroftheRomanEmpirewlthCleopatraashisqu.en.Beoausoofhlsgroat'R%emi?r^3`%p.#'a&sgk.a.E:t.ka€iE5oESz-a.nEgjdF,.d|`n^-oFt.v:.,.`fff.slFti3TqTr-E_oe_sn,L'PBo%."'u=nqotsuhgspgF?#Rome.AssoonasCleopatrareallzedthatAntonywouldneverbeoomerulerofRome,sheSenthlmamessagesaylngthatbythetlmelieroc6lvedhernotoshewouldbedead.

g=tg?euhrseed%de.Tleeg€a5r=:dhitnfie6?,i:EbEdT,EeA;i--a-]1F#|=.#_`8EaEgf:_a5pnFro_ngo#mR`F,..awo8uulg|bae..dJeu3glbeforehedled,heleamedthetruthandaskedtobeoarrledtoCleopatra,wherohedledln her arms.

CleopatranowtriedtobrlngOctavlan,therulerofF]ome,und®rherspeMbutsh®wasnotsuoce§8ful.RatherthanHveasaprlsonerofRome,shecommlttodsulcldebyallow.ing-herse"tobeblttenontheambyapol8onoussnakecawedanasp.Aft.rherdeath,

8e°rtay"o`uanngds=FFfg€hxg`cuh,egivsGodJijfa-h5.u;£,i.'.-n.V..I±VFo±F.`±_-Fpe'gE.€=HS.?P=`£ott.dreoh%.dd.ta#=iheryoungsonbeexecutedsothathemlghtnotmakeanyclalmtoth®throneofRome.

"newspapersexlstedatthetlmeofCleopatra,therelsnodoubtthatshewouldhavemadethefrontpagesmanytimesduringherllfetlme,aspeoplelnanolenttlmeswereasinterostedlnnewsaswearetoday.u8ethenowspaperoutllneonthenextpagetoflnishthe suggested stories.

Youmaywishtocreateyourownartlclesoraddasecondpagetothenewspaper.

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D

SHEPSHT:

aughter of a great warrior-king andpossessing a strong character, Hatshepsut wentagainst religious tradition and conventional thinkingto make herself absolute ruler, becoming the thirdwoman pharaoh in ancient Egypt's long history.

nafre°umnedai59.°i:;:.iotB)eeporfe:#er£:Coesms:#::eteredher teens as the only child of King Thutmose andGreat Royal Wife Ahmose. ("Great Royal .Wife" wasthe title the ancient Egyptians gave to the pharaoh'sspouse.) Because only inen were supposed to rule,Hatshepsut was forced to marry her half-brother,also named Thutmose. The young couple soon had adaughter named Neferure. But Thutmose 11 had aharem, and he and one of his other wives had ason, who would be called Thutmose Ill.

Hatshepsut became a widow at a rather youngage. Not only did she have a daughter and a stepsonto raise, but she also had an empire to rule. Herfather had led Egypt's armies far into Asia, to thenorthern Euphrates fiver in what is now Syria.Egypt also held the gold-rich lands of Nubia and theSudan, south of Egypt. Never before had such ahuge territory, almost the entire known world, been

xituhrii:h:dpFoarr:fit::ohwueLrjiedgry=r.sEf=:oirtsdeelfhadhistory. It was a wealthy land, rich in naturalresources and plentiful harvests.

As Thutmose Ill was still an infant when hisfather died, Hatshepsut was the only fully royaladult who could lead the government in his name.The queen soon found that she enjoyed the chal-

J

by Barbara S. Lesko

lenge and decided not to remarry. Within a fewyears, she came to feel that, along with all theresponsibilities of governing, she deserved the titlesand recognition that accompanied kingship. Thus,

;i:npnre°dc]£¥rm£:rhde::e#ttehret:e:+t;:e::ehk::Eoa:hdethrone.

Secure borders and great wealth allowed Hatshep-sut to pay attention to internal Egypt, and she set

Hatshepsut (opposite) commissionedher architects to construct a magnif-icent temple (below) to house hermummy at the base of the cliffs atDeir el Bahri.

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The Egyptians used obelisks as sacredsymbols. These two graced the 250-

acre religious complex at Karnak alongthe Nile River. Hatshepsut raised

the one on the right, and her fatherraised the one on the left.

about restoring old temples and building new onesthroughout the Nile Valley. The largest and mostbeautiful was her funerary temple, now known asDeir el Bahri, the greatest monument to a womanto survive from the ancient world. This temple,built on three levels, had wall scenes depicting theshipping and erecting of the four gigantic obelisks(120 feet high and 320 tons each) brought to thetemple at Karnak from the southern quarries atAswan. Hatshepsut also sent trading expeditions toPunt, a distant land on the southwest coast of theRed Sea, which supplied Egypt with frankincense,rare African woods, and ivory.

Because it was so unusual for a woman to rulealone, Hatshepsut felt the need to proclaim herdivinity on obelisks and the walls of her temples. Aking of Egypt was regarded as the son of Amun-R€,thhe:s:LFTj±aaungE::::fftt£:6oodds.;::dH3eFPE%:ta:ail:fr

el Bahri the matrimonial union of her mother andthis god, as well as her birth andnursing by goddesses.

Hatshepsut also stressed the support

\.

her father had given her when he was alive, claim-

J;nh8etchr:tatheed¥°Eedmt:rfi?haanpt:Ldt:e:jtm°;:Ch=dhim.funerary temple, reburied him in her own tomb,

:Ft:niniivoerriLgwfiysE::s:E:::n#ohwe=nfe::I:i:Eehis'background as he grew up.

Some Of her father's former officials served herloyally, but Hatshepsut also h.ad new advisors, .whom she rewarded generously. Principal amongthese was Chief Steward Senmut, who tntored herdaughter and oversaw all royal construction. Sen-nut may well have been the architect of the beau-tiful Deir el Bahri. On its walls, Hatshepsut isshown crinshing her enemies beneath her feet. In-deed, it seems likely that she did not shy awayfrom the battlefield. Two soldiers left records of

::iLe°¥nN8uhb:::n:£i:#:.a¥:r¥#s:ifeT8o::iecranp-territories believed that having a woman on thethrone would give them an opportunity to breakaway from Egypt's control, but they were mistaken.Hatshepsut was a capable leader in every sense.

Unfortunately,

Foa#epre:#'3notensure that allher dreams wouldcome true. Her

g:£uogr:tirerife::dThutmose Ill `eventually be-came king, ashis father hadwished. WhileHatshepsut wasstill alive, she .

Above: Hatshepsut's chief adviser alsohad the honored position Of tutor toNeferure, Hatshepsut's daughter.left: Hatshepsut commi§sioned artiststo decorate her temple with `illustrationsof the products her sailors broughtback from Punt.

Because lt was so unusual for awoman to rule alone, Hatshepsutfelt the need to proclalm herdlvlhlty on obellsks and the wallsbf her temples.

--7

This carving still adorns the ruins inthe Valley Of the Kings.

iaia S. Iesko is a research assistant inth?.'Lpe,paqrep!of_Fgmt_O|2gy_,9t_.Br°.TT

#ntjx:rsawh|n,::°#¢enRCGeAaR,|!£/ee'##;„S:;Ancient Egypt.

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I;-;Je-s-af I;-r-reign. But enough of her recordssurvive to show that she was one of the greatestwomen in the history of the world.

entrusted him with the leadership of the army, andhe turned out to be the most successful militaryleader Egypt has ever known, ensuring that thegreat Egyptian Empire would continue for almosttwo more centuries to dominate the known world.

When Hatshepsut died after twenty years on thethrone, she was buried in the Valley of the Kingsalong with other pharaohs of her dynasty. Twentyyears later, Thutmose Ill began to destroy Hat-shepsut's monuments in an e££ort to eliminate all• , I _ ._

Nefertiti

The statue of Nefertiti's head, which was found in ancient Egyptian ruins, is weHknownthroughouttlleworld.Nefertitiisfamousforherbeautyandforthefactthatshewas the mother-in-law of Tutankhamen. She was the wife of a pllaraoh calledAmenhoteplv.AmenhotepIVChangedhisnametoAkhenateninhonorofthesungod,

£teedn=^mkahnencaa`,£end%£eNnek'h6kn=:=.hTalEesr-X±d#^-a.-hF5:^-s:±Lh.^S_:`e5|F±=ung°hS±8:_,?#5#.e\as`"enn%°ad,'.#'he.#dE,agh%%'r',eknsk#.esn.knhak%eei|fffE-?Ee.€6f..Eii5igiF.:.Ge_i,eMfQS_Se`f¥nd:a.EE*#`aaie.ny.mTahr=third daugllter, Ankliesenamen, was the wife of Tutankhamen. Amenhotep lv and his

='iRoe#S%-:=i#ufa#£hnak#ea*eGF.`.-eEiat:-ha.`E.8^=ut.Vt±hL±_uE_aa_=L"e".SF=..sfnmeeen%`#e:Vw%#ednh8tallowed.torule,Tutankhamenbecametlienextpharaoh.Hisreig"however,wasshort.ItisbelievedthatTutankhamenwasaboutnineteenwhenhedied.Littleisknownaboutthe three youngest daughters of Nefertiti and Amenhotep lv. After the death ofTutankhame" tlie throne of Egypt few into the hands of a nobleman. The fate ofTutankhamen's wife, Ankhesenamen, is also uncertain. .

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Name

Directions : Using the information from the reading answer the questions

cleopatra

1. cleopatra descended from what country?

Period

2. What did Cleopatra's brother do to her so he could rule Egypt alone?

3. Who helped Cleopatra regain the throne so she could rule with her

brother?

4. What ruler of Rome fell in love with Cleopatra and helped

her?

5. Howdid cleopatra die?

Hatshepsut

6. What doesthe name Hatshepsut mean?

7. Who did Hatshepsut marry?

8. Whydidshe marryhim?

9. Whatwas thegreatest monumentto a woman called?

10. What did Hatshepsut call herself?

11. Why did Thutmose Ill destroy all of Hatshepsut

monuments?

12. How long was Hatshepsut ruler?

Nefertiti

13. Who was Nefertiti married to?

14. Did Nefertiti ever rule Egypt?

15. How old was Tutankhamen when he died?

ALL ABOUT

Ancient EgyptLLEATOCTIWJRS

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Ancient Egyptl.ans settled on

the banks of the

lERN REIIV

Canopic Jars Pharaoh

Mummies The sphinx

Hieroglyphics Pyramids

Papyrus I rrigation

•....................................-"..-..."..,...J.+..."......................+.`

Ancient Egyptians placed their

dead in decorated coffins called:

i. A. Mummies C. Sarcophagi•............. a. Hieroglyphics D. Cartouches .......

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