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7/23/2019 Lec Research .

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MedicalMedical

ResearchResearch

Dr.Dr.YousifYousifAbdulRaheemAbdulRaheemFICMS/CMFICMS/CM

Department of Community MedicineDepartment of Community MedicineAl Kindy College of MedicineAl Kindy College of Medicine


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&'(ecti!es of this lecture&'(ecti!es of this lecture

At the end of this lecture )e should learnAt the end of this lecture )e should learn

thethe**

+. Definition and concepts of medical

research,. Descri'e the se-uence in the process

of medical research

. Illustrate the re-uired information ineach chapter of the research

. Recogni0e the main pro'lems in

doing the research


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1hy2. Medical1hy2. Medical

research 3333research 3333

All information we had in medicineAll information we had in medicine

are results of researches.are results of researches.

Basic aim *# 4o ad!ance $no)ledge

of human health 5 illness


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Applying the results of researchApplying the results of research

to patients care is the ma(orto patients care is the ma(or

reason for clinicians to read orreason for clinicians to read or)rite medical literature.)rite medical literature.


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4hey )ant to $no) )hich diagnostic4hey )ant to $no) )hich diagnostic

procedures are 'est6 )hich modes ofprocedures are 'est6 )hich modes of

treatment are optimal6 and ho) the treatmenttreatment are optimal6 and ho) the treatmentregimen should 'e design and implementedregimen should 'e design and implemented

of course.of course.

Translate researchTranslate research

results into practiceresults into practice


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They also read the journal to stayThey also read the journal to stayaware and up to date in medicine inaware and up to date in medicine in

general as well as their specific areageneral as well as their specific areaof interest.of interest.

They want to publishThey want to publishtheir researches intheir researches in

77respectedrespected88journals;journals;

77peer reviewpeer review88, a process, a process

in whichin which 77outside expertsoutside experts88review the suitability ofreview the suitability of

manuscripts submitted formanuscripts submitted for

publication.publication.


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Clinicians must e!aluateClinicians must e!aluateand use ne) informationand use ne) information

through out their li!esthrough out their li!es..

4o do so4o do so6 they must6 they must

understand the 'asicunderstand the 'asic

concepts of methodologyconcepts of methodology

to decide )hether theyto decide )hether they

can 'elie!e the results incan 'elie!e the results in

the literatures6the literatures6and ho) to ma$e their results !alid )henand ho) to ma$e their results !alid )hen

the do so.the do so.


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In spite of the system ofIn spite of the system of

chec$s and 'alances6chec$s and 'alances6numerous e9amplesnumerous e9amples

a'ound )ith poora'ound )ith poor

designs6 inappropriatedesigns6 inappropriate

analyses6 andanalyses6 and

unsu'stantiatedunsu'stantiatedconclusions.conclusions.


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..:e) data:e) datashould 'eshould 'e systematicallysystematicallycollectedcollectedand analy0ed to ans)er the original researchand analy0ed to ans)er the original research

o'(ecti!es. o'(ecti!es.

1hat is research31hat is research3

Research is the systematic collection6 analysis andResearch is the systematic collection6 analysis and

interpretation of data to ans)er a certain -uestioninterpretation of data to ans)er a certain -uestion

or sol!e a pro'lem.or sol!e a pro'lem.

Characteristics of research*Characteristics of research*

+.+.It demands aIt demands a clear statementclear statementof the pro'lem.of the pro'lem.

,.,.It re-uiresIt re-uires clear o'(ecti!esclear o'(ecti!esand aand a planplan;it is not;it is not

aimlessly loo$ing for something. aimlessly loo$ing for something...It 'uilds onIt 'uilds on e9isting datae9isting data6 using 'oth6 using 'oth positi!epositi!eandand

negati!enegati!efindings.findings.


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Scientific research plays a !ery importantScientific research plays a !ery important

role in our efforts to maintain health androle in our efforts to maintain health and

com'ating diseases.com'ating diseases."ngaging"ngaging Medical StudentsMedical Students in 1ri1riting research papers.ting research papers.

,.,. IIndependent continued learning.ndependent continued learning.


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1hat le!el of research1hat le!el of research33

laboratorylaboratory bedsidebedside populationpopulation

BiologyBiology ClinicalClinical EpidemiologicalEpidemiological

biomedicinebiomedicine public healthpublic health


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1hat Kind of Research1hat Kind of Research33

Research rele!ant to impro!ing health*Research rele!ant to impro!ing health*

Biomedical and clinical researchBiomedical and clinical research"pidemiological"pidemiological

+#+#


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The starting pointsThe starting points

1e ha!e to thin$ a'out*#1e ha!e to thin$ a'out*#Purpose of the researchPurpose of the research

Benefit of the researchBenefit of the researchApplicability of the researchApplicability of the research

Cost of the researchCost of the research

Ethical issues of researchEthical issues of research


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Selection of Research AreaSelection of Research Area

Selection of this 'road entity ofSelection of this 'road entity of

research is 'ased on theresearch is 'ased on the

follo)ing*follo)ing*

researcher?s*researcher?s* SpecialtySpecialty

InterestInterest

Scientific 'ac$groundScientific 'ac$ground

"9perience"9perience

Actual need for research in this areaActual need for research in this area

A!aila'le resources ;interest of fundingA!aila'le resources ;interest of funding

'ody@'ody@


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Research -uestionResearch -uestion

4he in!estigator must ma$e sure that*4he in!estigator must ma$e sure that*


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Research oal 5 &'(ecti!esResearch oal 5 &'(ecti!es

4he goal ;aim@ and o'(ecti!es must 'e stated at4he goal ;aim@ and o'(ecti!es must 'e stated at

the !ery 'eginning of the study6 since they )illthe !ery 'eginning of the study6 since they )ill

guide the in!estigator during the process ofguide the in!estigator during the process of

formulating research -uestions andformulating research -uestions and

hypothesis.hypothesis.4hey )ill also help in the prioriti0ation process.4hey )ill also help in the prioriti0ation process.

4hey )ill ena'le the reader of the )or$ to (udge4hey )ill ena'le the reader of the )or$ to (udge

)hether the in!estigator had achie!ed these)hether the in!estigator had achie!ed theseo'(ecti!es or not.o'(ecti!es or not.


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oalsoals It descri'es the aim of the )or$It descri'es the aim of the )or$in 'road termsin 'road terms

&'(ecti!es&'(ecti!es 4hese are more specific4hese are more specificand relate directly toand relate directly to

research -uestion. 4heyresearch -uestion. 4heymay 'e di!ided into t)omay 'e di!ided into t)o

types*types*

rimary o'(ecti!esrimary o'(ecti!es ;'ound to;'ound to'e achie!ed@'e achie!ed@

Secondary o'(ecti!esSecondary o'(ecti!es ;'y the;'y the

)ay@)ay@


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teps ofteps ofcientificcientific

!esearch!esearch

election of areaelection of area

election of topicelection of topic

Crude research "uestionCrude research "uestion

no answerno answer

!efined research "uestion!efined research "uestion

!esearch hypothesis, goals and objectives!esearch hypothesis, goals and objectives

tudy designtudy design

#opulation $ sampling#opulation $ sampling

%ariables confounding%ariables confounding

!esearch tools!esearch tools

#ilot study#ilot study

&or' plan&or' plan

Collection of dataCollection of data

(ata management $ analysis(ata management $ analysis

)nterpretation)nterpretation

no need for study

answers found

LiteratureLiterature

reviewreview

EthicalEthicalissuesissues

BiasBias

chancechance

Conclusions&Conclusions&

A d d f i d f i


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A standard format is used for manuscriptA standard format is used for manuscript

preparation*preparation*

4itle4itleA'stract ;summary of the paper@A'stract ;summary of the paper@

Introduction ;iterature Re!ie)@Introduction ;iterature Re!ie)@

MethodsMethods

ResultsResults

DiscussionDiscussion

Conclusions 5 RecommendationsConclusions 5 Recommendations

ReferencesReferences

I 4itl f th R h


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A good title should 'eA good title should 'e accurateaccurate6 and6 and

concise.concise.

It should ma$e the central o'(ecti!es ofIt should ma$e the central o'(ecti!es of

the study clear to the reader.the study clear to the reader.

It is important to specify )hat populationIt is important to specify )hat population

)ill 'e in!estigated.)ill 'e in!estigated.

urpose*urpose*to pro!ide a 'rief6 informati!eto pro!ide a 'rief6 informati!e

summary that )illsummary that )ill attractattractthe target audiencethe target audience

I.I. 4itle of the Research4itle of the Research


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1hat goes into the title31hat goes into the title3

4he 4opic ;4he 4opic ;44@ 'eing studied is al)ays included.@ 'eing studied is al)ays included.

)e can also include*)e can also include*

a#a#study su'(ects and setting*study su'(ects and setting*77)hat)hat66 )ho)ho66 )hen)hen66 )here)here88

b-b-In addition6 choose one or t)o of the follo)ingIn addition6 choose one or t)o of the follo)ing

!! "ethods"ethods ##""$$

!! %esults%esults ##%%$$

!! ConclusionsConclusions ##CC$$

ImportantImportant: Emphasize hat is: Emphasize hat is neneandand

usefuluseful!!


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ongitudinal "!aluation of rostate#ongitudinal "!aluation of rostate#

specific Antigen e!els in Men 1ithspecific Antigen e!els in Men 1ith

and 1ithout rostate Diseaseand 1ithout rostate Disease

4 M R C4 M R C4I4"

Reduction of


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title should include 7the study design iftitle should include 7the study design ifthe paper presents original research.8the paper presents original research.8

"ritish #edical $ournal ("#$)"ritish #edical $ournal ("#$)

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