lec 6,7 - partition of bengal to khilafat movement

8/10/2019 Lec 6,7 - Partition of Bengal to Khilafat Movement

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Partition of Bengal (1905) and

Muslim League (1906)

Muhammad Hamza Shafqaat


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Paritition

Partition of Bengal, 1905effected on 16 Octoberduring the viceroyalty of LORDCURZON(1899-1905), proved to be a momentous event in thehistory of modern Bengal. admittedly much too

large for a single province of British India. Annulment of Partition:

The British government revoked the partition toavoid trouble on the visit of King George V. TheMuslims were disappointed by the governmentresponse to the violent strategy of protestsadopted by the Hindus


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Reasons

This premier province grew too vast for

efficient administration and required re-

organisation and intelligent division

The division was made on geographical rather

than on an avowedly communal basis

Area of 189,000

Population in 1903 had arisen to 78.5 million

Problems of Famine

Development of Assam


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Reaction by Hindus

Lawyers

Journalists

Business Community

Educated Elite

Hindu Nationalists

Anglo-Indian and British Press

Indian National Conference

Swadeshi Movement

Students


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Initial Reaction By Muslims

Muslim Press and Leaders

Mohammedan Provincial Union

Farizi and Wahabi Movements Economic Apprehensions

Factor of Land System in Bengal


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Strong Reaction by Muslims

Islamic Conference in Dhaka 1906

Hindu Muslims Riots

Formation of Muslim League Bampfylde Fuller Lt, Governor


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Effect on Muslims

The Partition of Bengal of 1905 left a profound impact on the politicalhistory of India. From a political angle the measure accentuated Hindu-Muslim differences in the region. One point of view is that by giving theMuslim's a separate territorial identity in 1905 and a communal electoratethrough the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909 the British Government in asubtle manner tried to neutralise the possibility of major Muslim

participation in the Indian National Congress. The Partition of Bengal indeed marks a turning point in the history of

nationalism in India. It may be said that it was out of the travails of Bengalthat Indian nationalism was born. By the same token the agitation againstthe partition and the terrorism that it generated was one of the mainfactors which gave birth to Muslim nationalism and encouraged them to

engage in separatist politics. The birth of the Muslim League in 1906 atDacca (Dhaka) bears testimony to this. The annulment of the partitionsorely disappointed not only the Bengali Muslims but also the Muslims ofthe whole of India. They felt that loyalty did not pay but agitation does.Thereafter, the dejected Muslims gradually took an anti-British stance.


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All India Muslim League


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Simla Deputation

The Simla Deputation of 1906 was the first systematicattempt on the part of the Muslims to present theirdemands, to the British government and to seek theiracceptance.

The Simla deputation comprised 35 Muslims

from all over India under Sir Agha Khan with the helpof Mr. William Archbold.

The Viceroy was sympathetic towards the demands. Itencouraged the Muslims to launch struggle for theirrights parallel to the Indian National Congress but itrequired an organized platform


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Demands of The Deputation

Representation more than their population because

of their importance.

Separate electorate

Reservations of Muslims seats in government jobs.

Special share in Municipal or district boards,

University senates and syndicates

Muslim representation in Viceroy Executive Council.

Muslim University at Aligarh.


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Founding Fathers

Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah

Cooper Trapp

Nawab Mohsi n ul Mulk

Syed Ameer Ali

Sir Mian Muhammad Shafi

Admirers, companions, and followers of theAligarh Movement


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Formation of Muslim League

Time had come to formally organize the Muslims after the successof the Simla Deputation. The Muslim leaders desired to create apermanent political forum. After the meeting of the MohammedanEducational Conference, the Muslim leaders met to set up the AllIndia Muslim League. Wiqar-ul-Mulk chaired the meeting. NawabSalimullah proposed Muslim League and Hakim Ajmal Khan and

Maulana Zafar Ali Khan seconded.

In the Karachi session Dec. 1907 its constitution was approved andin March 1908 at Aligarh, Agha Khan was formally elected itspresident.

London Branch:May 1908 Justice Amir Ali Syed organized a branchof Muslim League at London and responded effectively to themisunderstandings and conspiracies of the Hindus against theMuslims


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Objectives

Following were the objectives of the Muslim League:

1. To inculcate among Muslims a feeling of loyalty tothe government and to disabuse their minds ofmisunderstandings and misconceptions of its actions

and intentions. 2. To protect and advance the political rights and

interests of the Muslims of India and to represent theirneeds and aspirations to the government from time totime.

3. To prevent the growth of ill will between Muslimsand other nationalities without compromising to it'sown purposes.


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Change in the Goals of the Muslim

League 1913 Important developments occurred during the first decade of the 20th

century like annulment of the Partition of Bengal and Western aggressiontowards Muslim countries, Balkan wars, Libya-Italy war, Demolition of themosque in Kawnpur (1913), etc. weakened Muslim faith in the British. Thisled to a major drift in the Muslim Leagues policy. In 1913, the Leaguechanged its goals:

Self government under the British Crown keeping in view the peculiarconditions in India.

Good relations with other communities cooperation with any partyworking for similar goals.

This change brought the ML and Congress closer. In this way the era ofcooperation between Hindus and Muslims set in. The role of the Quaid-i-Azam is highly noteworthy to bring the Congress and the Muslim Leagueto the table. He joined the Muslim League in 1913


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Efforts of Hindu Muslim Unity,

Lucknow Pact and Khilafat

Movement

Lecture Number 8


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Background

Sir Syeds Legacy

Nawab Wiqar-ul-Mulk

Weaknesses in Pro-British Policy Interests of British

Need of steps towards freedom

Anti-British tradition in Muslim Religious Thought

Annulment of Partition of Bengal


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Efforts of Hindu Muslim Unity

Maulana Shiblis article

A turning point in Muslim Politics

Difference in Congress and Muslim LeagueObjectives

Left and Right Wing of Muslim League

World War I and Muslim Suspicions


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Jinnah as Ambassador of Hindu

Muslim Unity

Jinnahs enrolment in Muslim League

Concept of Indian Nationality

Annual Session of both parties in Bomay(1915)

Jinnah and Mazhar-ul-Haq

Defence of India Act and Press Act Architect of Lucknow Pact


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Jinnah as Ambassador of Hindu

Muslim Unity

Towards the Hindus our attitude should be of

good will and brotherly feelings. Co-operation

in the cause of our motherland should be our

guiding principle. Indias real progress can only

be achieved by a true understanding and

harmonious relations between the two great

sister communities. With regards to our ownaffairs, we can depend upon nobody but

ourselves


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Lucknow Pact

The right of Muslim Separate electrorate wasaccepted by the Congress

Both Muslim League and Congress jointly

demanded self-rule from the government for theprovinces

Muslims were to constitute 1/3rdof electedmembers of the central council

Muslims were given weightage in MuslimMinority provinces and the Hindus will be givenweightage in Muslim Majority provinces


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Lucknow Pact

No bill or clause or a resolution introduced by

a non-official member affecting one or the

other community shall be presented in the

assembly without approval of concernedgroup

Pujab 50%, UP 30%, Bengal 40%, Bihar 25%,

CP 15%, Madras 15% and Bombbay 33%

Judiciary to be separated from Executive


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Analysis and Effects

Concessions and compromise from Both Sides

Separate Electorates

Compromise in Majority Provinces Advantage in Minority Provinces

Era of Hindu Muslim Unity

Incorporations in Government of India Act,1919 1935


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Analysis and Effects

K.B. Saeed, Pakistan: The Formative Phase

The Hindu-Muslim concordant of Lucknow

was the high-water mark of Hindu Muslim

Unity

Victory of constitutionliast


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Khilafat Movement


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First Para for PaperWhile Mustafa Kemal Pasha was fighting the British-led European conspiracy to destroy Ottoman/Turkishcivilization, the Muslims of the Subcontinent openeda second front against their Britain rulers bylaunching the Khilafat Movement. The Movementwas an expression of the Subcontinent Muslims

sentimental attachment to the Ottoman Turks, whowere perceived as not only the last stronghold ofIslam but also their Sultan was viewed as the Caliphof all Muslims. In fact, the spirit of pan-Islamismamong the Muslims of British India had been

growing ever since the collapse of the MughalEmpire. The Khilafat Movement was led primarily byMuslims leaders but also participated by Hinduleaders such as Mahatma Gandhi. It included massrallies and arrests, media campaign, non-cooperationtactics and deputations abroad.


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Attitude of Muslims Towards Turks

Sir SyedSir Sayyid Ahmad Khan, the founder of Aligarh College, had urged them tostay loyal to the British and emulate the Ottoman Empires progressivereforms. Sir Sayyid published articles in his magazine Tehzeebul-Akhlaq,citing examples of Ottoman rulers like Sultan Mahmud II and Sultan AbdulHamid who, he argued, gave up religious prejudices and saw no harm intaking advantage of European arts and sciences, or in adopting Europeancustoms and manners

Deposition of Sultan Abdul Hamid in 1909

Maulana Muhammad Ali, Maulana Zafar Ali Khan, Maulana Abul KalamAzad, Nawab Viqarul Mulk, Maulana Altaf Hussain Hali and Maulana Shibli

Nomanipaid warm tributes to Young Turks (Committee of Union andProgress)

Source: Ishtiaq Ahmed in his research paper From Pan-Islamism to MuslimNationalism


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Plan of European Powers against

Ottoman Empire

War of Tripoli 1911

Balkan Wars of 1912-13

World War I


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Initial Muslim Response

Maulana Muhammad Ali, Maulana Shaukal Ali,

Maulana Zafar Ali Khan and Maulana Azad launched

a massive media and political campaign in support

of the Turks, urging Indian Muslims to providematerial aid to the suffering Turk

Comrade, Hamdard, Zamindar and Hilal

Muslims sent donations worth thousands of British

Pound-Sterling to the Turkish Red Crescent to help it

rehabilitate the Turks displaced during the wars of

Tripoli and the Balkans


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Formation of Khilafat Committee

From December 1918, the Muslim leaders launched theKhilafat Movement, led initially by a small group of leadingindividuals like Maulvi Abdul Bari, Dr. Ansari, Hakim AjmalKhan, Seth Chotani, Abul Qasim, Maulana Azad, MaulanaHasrat Mohani, Mushir Husain Kidwai, and, of course, the Ali

BrothersMaulana Shaukat Ali, Maulana Muhammad Ali.

All India Muslim League Annual Session under President Fazl eHaq condemned the acts of Sherif Hussain and demandedthat Jazeera tul Arab to remain under Caliph rule.

The Central Khilafat Committee, was founded at a meetingheld in Bombay on 14 November 1919 with Seth Chotani asits president


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Objectives of the Khilafat Movement

1. To maintain the Turkish Caliphate.

2. To protect the holy places of the Muslims.

3. To maintain the unity of the Ottoman Empire.

An all-India Khilafat Day was declared on 17

October 1919.

Source: K. K. Aziz, The Indian Khilafat Movement


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Khilafat Delegation to Europe

Maulana Muhammed Ali, Sayyid Sulaiman Nadvi, Abul Kasim andMr Kidwai on Feb 1, 1920 from Bombay to London at the time ofPeace Conference in London

Anglican Church saw it as a struggle between Cross and Crescent.

The public and the British Parliament were staunchly hostile and

anti-turkish Meeting with Lloyd George after Treaty of Sevres

The Turks are to be dealt with according to the same principles thathad been applied to other vanquished nations. No preferentialtreatment was to be given to them

The British Governments disregard of its assurances of fairtreatment for the Turks was clearly a breach of promise. Hence anew method of struggle started on.


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Rowlett Act, 1919

Rowlett Act was a black law introduced in India. Tothe law, the

government got authority to persecute any Indian and the

arrested had no facility of legal assistance and right to appealjust as the Lettres de Cachet in France before the French

Revolution. Jinnah resigned from the central legislature as a

protest.

Jallianwala Bagh Incident, April 1919The people gathered in Jallianwala Bagh at Amritsar but

General Dyer opened fire to disperse the throng that cast a

huge human casualties (379). It is considered one of the great

tragedies in India. In 1940, by killing Governor Punjab, Sir

Michaal O Dayer, Ram Muhammad Singh Azad got revenge of

the Indian massacre. The Nagpur Session of the Congress (Dec.

1920) approved non-cooperation with Government but Jinnah

opposed and left the Congress because he was against the use

of extra-constitutional means of protests.


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Role of Gandhiand NonCooperation

Movement Contemporaneously, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi led his non-violent

nationalist movement satyagraha, as a protest against governmentrepression evidenced, for example, in the Rowlatt Act of 1919, and theJalian Wallah Bagh Massacres of April 1919. To enlist Muslim support inhis movement, Gandhi supported the Khilafat cause and became amember of the Central Khilafat Committee. At the Nagpur Session (1920)

of the indian national congress Gandhi linked the issue of Swaraj (Self-Government) with the Khilafat demands and adopted the non-cooperation plan to attain the twin objectives.

By mid-1920 the Khilafat leaders had made common cause with Gandhi'snon-cooperation movement promising non-violence in return forGandhi's support of the Khilafat Movement whereby Hindus andMuslims formed a united front against British rule in India. Support wasreceived also of Muslim theologians through the Jamiyat-al Ulama-i-Hind(The Indian Association of Muslim Theologians). Maulana mohmmadakram khan of Bengal was a member of its Central Executive andConstitution Committee.


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Hijrat Blunder

Summer of 1920 the mass migration of Muslims from a landviewed as darul-harab to Muslim lands considered darul-Islam.

Maulana Shaukat Ali, at the Khilafat conference in Patna, declaredthatif the Khilafat was tampered with, there were but two courses open to

them: Jihad or Hijret. Molvi Abdul Bari, Maulana Azad issued Fatwas

Altogether 60,000 Indians were estimated to have attemptedemigration; but, after much suffering and hardship, two-third ofthem returned to India. The cold weather, diseases, humiliation,disillusionment and the hardship of the journey had cost themdearly. Some of those who did not come back to India werescattered to Central Asia and some even went to Turkey


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Other Important Incidents

The Rowlatt Act, the Jalliwanwala Bagh massacre and martial law inPunjab had belied the generous wartime promises of the British. TheMontage Chelmsford report with its ill-considered scheme of diarchysatisfied few. Gandhi, so far believing in the justice and fair play of thegovernment, now felt that Non-Cooperation with the government must bestarted. At the same time, the harsh terms of the Treaty of Sevres

between the Allies and Turkey was resented by the Muslims in India. TheMuslims started the Khilafat movement and Gandhi decided to identifyhimself with them. Gandhi's 'skilful top level political game' secured inwinning over the Muslim support in the coming Non-CooperationMovement in India.


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Gandhis Betrayal

However, the movement's objectives of communal harmony andnonviolence suffered a setback because of the Hijrat (Exodus) toAfghanistan in 1920 of about 18,000 Muslim peasants, mostly from Sindand North Western Provinces, the excesses of Muslims who felt thatIndia was Dar-ul-Harb (Apostate land), the Moplah rebellion in SouthIndia in August 1921, and the Chauri-Chaura incident in February 1922 in

the United Provinces where a violent mob set fire to a police stationkilling twenty-two policemen. Soon after Gandhi called off the Non-cooperation movement, leaving Khilafat leaders with a feeling ofbetrayal.

The extra-territorial loyalty of Khilafat leaders received a final and deadlyblow from the Turks themselves. The charismatic Turkish nationalistleader Mustafa Kemal's startling secular renaissance, his victories overinvading Greek forces culminating in the abolition of the Sultanate inNovember 1922, and the transformation of Turkey into a Republic inOctober 1923, followed by the abolition of the Khilafat in March 1924,took the Khilafatists unaware. By 1924 the Khilafat Movement, hadbecome devoid of any relevance and significance and met its end.


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Ending of Caliphate by Ata Turk

The extra-territorial loyalty of Khilafat leaders received a final and deadlyblow from the Turks themselves. The charismatic Turkish nationalist leaderMustafa Kemal's startling secular renaissance, his victories over invadingGreek forces culminating in the abolition of the Sultanate in November1922, and the transformation of Turkey into a Republic in October 1923,followed by the abolition of the Khilafat in March 1924, took the

Khilafatists unaware. By 1924 the Khilafat Movement, had become devoidof any relevance and significance and met its end.

Allama Dr Muhammed Iqbal approved of them saying in Reconstructionof Religious Thought in Islamthat they involved an exercise o f the right ofIjtihad. According to Allama Iqbal, the Ottoman Caliphate h ad long

become a mere symbol of power which departed long ago. The idea of auniversal caliphate was a workable idea when the empire of Islam wasintact.


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Role of M Ali Jinnah

Meeting of Muslim League in CalcuttaFirst came the Rowlatt Bill accompanied by the Punjab atrocities and then came the spoliation of the Ottoman Empire and the Khilafat. Oneattacks our liberty and the other our faith

In a letter to Ghandi, Jinnah said

Movement was bound to lead to disaster. This kind of a plan hasappealed only to the illiterate and the inexperienced youth of thecountry

He said that though he had no power to remove the cause, he wished toadvise his countrymen against the dire consequences of such an extremeact.

Jinnah learnt a lot from the Khilafat movement. It disillusioned him withthe Congress and the British rulers and strengthened his faith to work forthe intrests of the Muslims. He worked hard to bring the Muslims out oftheir demoralized state of mind and reorganize them under the banner ofthe Muslim League


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The end of Tehrik-e-Khilafat was the

beginning of Tehrik-i-Pakistan for the

Muslims of British India

Eff f Khil f M A


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Effects of Khilafat Movement: An

Analysis The goals of Khilafat Movement and Turkish Liberation Movement were

always different, because the former was based on the ideal of pan-

Islamism and the latter was founded upon the realist notion of Turkic

nationalism

The Khilafat leadership was still holding on to its utopian pan-Islamistvision for post- liberation Turkey, the Turkish nationalist leadership was

busy adopting one modernist-secular reform after another

For the Indian Muslims, the Turkish freedom movement and the

establishment of the Modern Turkish Republic served as a source of

inspiration and as an example of resistance to foreign domination

The pro-Ottoman feelings and proceedings in India undoubtedly

contributed to the development of Indo-Muslim national identity and the

eventual alienation of the Muslims from the British

Eff t f Khil f t M t A


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Analysis For the first time in history, the Muslims of the Subcontinent could patch

up their differences on a single issue and get together. People from all

walks of life, the Sunnis and the Shiites, the traditional Ulema and the

western educated, the rich and the poor, the men as well as the women all

joined hands in this common cause and united.

It provided a meeting ground for the Muslims and Hindus and unite them

in action against their ruler

The Khilafat Movement was a political ride propelled by the Indian Muslims

minority syndrome and apprehensions about an uncertain future Ishtiaq

Ahmad in his paper, From Pan Islamism to Muslim Nationalism

It was the first country-wide agitation of the Muslims of British India with

a central organization to guide its course. It transformed the psyche of the

people, trained them in political agitation and taught them how to press

come their demands

Eff t f Khil f t M t A


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Analysis

Morale booster for the Turkish nationalist

forces under Mustafa Kemals command

It helped generate the much-needed financial

resources for the Angora Fund from

subcontinent Muslims in the form of British

currency as well as gold and silver ornaments

deposited voluntarily by Indian Muslimwomen in the Khilafat account


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Emergence of New Leaders

In addition to the front-rank leaders of the Khilafatmovement, a new class of Muslim leaders emergedduring this period from urban as well as from distantparts of Bengal. They gained experience in organizing

and mobilizing the public. The Khilafat movementprovided an opportunity to throw up a new Mofassilbased leadership, which played a key role inintroducing a coherent self-assertive political identityfor Bengali Muslims. After the 1947 Partition, these

personalities played effective roles in their respectiveareas of activity.


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lec 6,7 - partition of bengal to khilafat movement

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