lec 4 (memory).ppt

7/30/2019 lec 4 (memory).ppt

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Memory

Chapter 4


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What is Memory?

It is the process through which we

encode, store and retrieve the

information.

Encoding: process of initial recording of info in

a form usable to memory

Storage: the maintenance of saved material inmemory

Retrieval: process of bringing info into

awareness and then use it


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Three Systems of Memory:

Memory Storehouses

InfoSensory

MemoriesShort-termMemory

Long-termMemory

Forgetting within

1 sec

Repetitive

Rehearsal

retains info

in SM

Elaborative

Rehearsal moves info

into LM

Forgetting within

15-20 sec


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Sensory Memories

Sight (iconic)

Sound (echoic)

Other sensory memories


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Contemporary Approaches to Memory:

(Short term Memory)

Working Memory:

It is an active Workspace in which info is retrieved and

manipulated and in which info is held throughrehearsal. (Chunk)

It contains a central executive processor (involved in

reasoning and decision making) which coordinates two

distinct storage and rehearsal systems.Visual Store: specializes in visual and spatial info

Verbal Store: specializes in holding and

manipulating material related to speech, words and

numbers


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Contemporary Approaches to Memory:

Long term Memory Declarative Memory: For factual info.

Semantic Memory: for general knowledge and

facts about world, rules of logicEpisodic Memory: biographical details of our

individual lives

Procedural Memory: For skills as riding a bicycle

Associative Models of Memory:

(mental representation of interconnected clusters

of info. (priming)


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Recalling LM Memories

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Retrieval cues:

Stimulus that allows us to recall moreeasily info that is located in LM (more imp

when u r recalling instead of recognizing)

Levels of processing theory:Emphasizes the degree to which the new

material is mentally analyzed. There are

shallow, intermediate, deep level of

anal sis.


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Flashbulb memories:Memories of specific, important, or

surprising event that are so vivid, they are

like a snapshot of the event. Constructive Processes in Memory:

Our memory is influenced by schemas.

Schemas are organized bodies of infostored in memory that bias the way the

new info is interpreted, stored and

recalled.


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Forgetting Why do we forget?

Failure in encoding

If encoded properly then

Decay: loss of info through nonuse (memory trace)

Interference: info in memory blocks other info and

prevent its recall.

Proactive interference: info learned earlier interferes with

recall of newer material. Retroactive interference: difficulty in recall of info

because of later exposure to different material.


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Autobiographical Memories

Courtroom Trials & Memory

Childrens memories

Memory & Culture


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Memory Dysfunctions

Alzheimers disease

Amnesia

Retrograde amnesia

Anterogade amnesia

Karsakoffs syndrome

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