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Part I(Pines) •  Stoichiometry(chemical arithmetic)

•  Atomic and Molecular Structure(quantum theory)

•  States of Matter(gas, liquid, solid)

Part II(Saykally) •  Energetics(1st Law, enthalpy, work, heat)

•  Spontaneity(2nd Law, entropy, free energy)

•  Equilibrium(Gibbs free energy, Keq, wet chemistry)

Second Law of Thermodynamics

-The Disorder of the Universe Increases in any Real Process

-Some Energy is Used to Create Disorder

Disorder = Entropy Universe = System + Surroundings Real = Finite Time

-Heat Flows from Hot to Cold(Clausius statement)

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Fig. 13-2, p. 533

Fig. 13-3, p. 534

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BLACKBOARD

The Second Law

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ChemQuiz© 24.1

ChemQuiz© 24.2