lec 19-20-21-22 pointers and strings
TRANSCRIPT
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Sidkqju|
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5
Sidkqju|
Siwjubzf
\dmzfnqj sn||-et-ujbjujklj
Lfi|j ujfnqdik|gds wdqg nuunt| nka |qudko|
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& (mtSqu50
lizkq
?
lizkqSqu
lizkq
?
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1
Lnk ajlfnuj sidkqju| qi nkt anqn qtsj
Sidkqju dkdqdnfdxnqdik Dkdqdnfdxja qi 3&KZFF& iu naauj||
3 iuKZFF sidkq| qi kiqgdko
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" 'naauj|| isjunqiu$
Ujqzuk| mjmiut naauj|| ib dq| isjunka
Jnmsfj
dkq t = :0dkq (tSqu0tSqu = "t0 )) tSqu ojq| naauj|| ib t
tSqusidkq| qi t
tSqu
t:
tsqu
:33333 233333
t233333 :
naauj|| ib t
d| rnfzj ib
tsqu
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2
( 'dkadujlqdik)ajujbjujkldko isjunqiu$
(tSqu ujqzuk| t 'ejlnz|j tSqu sidkq| qi t$
ajujbjujklja sidkqju d| frnfzj
(tsqu = 40 )) n||dok| 4 qi t( nka " nuj dkrju|j| ib jnlg iqgju
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> )) liaj >
5 )) Z|dko qgj " nka ( isjunqiu|
< ,dklfzaj 6di|qujnm;
1
: z|dko |qa88lizq0
2 z|dko |qa88jkaf0
?
7 dkq mndk'$
4 p
>3 dkq n0 )) n d| nk dkqjoju
>> dkq (nSqu0 )) nSqu d| n sidkqju qi nk dkqjoju
>5
>< n = ?0
>1 nSqu = "n0 )) nSqu n||dokja naauj|| ib n
>:
>2 lizq 66 %Qgj naauj|| ib n d| % 66 "n
>? 66 %VkQgj rnfzj ib nSqu d| % 66 nSqu0
>7
>4 lizq 66 %VkVkQgj rnfzj ib n d| % 66 n
53
66 %VkQgj rnfzj ib (nSqu d| % 66 (nSqu05>
55 lizq 66 %VkVk\giwdko qgnq ( nka " nuj dkrju|j| ib %
5< 66 %jnlg iqgjuVk"(nSqu = % 66 "(nSqu
51 66 %Vk("nSqu = % 66 ("nSqu 66 jkaf0
5:
?
( nka " nuj dkrju|j|ib jnlg iqgjuQgj naauj|| ib n d| 33>5BJA1
Qgj rnfzj ib nSqu d| 33>5BJA1
Qgj rnfzj ib n d| ?
Qgj rnfzj ib (nSqu d| ?
\giwdko qgnq ( nka " nuj dkrju|j| ib jnlg iqgju
"(nSqu = 33>5BJA1
("nSqu = 33>5BJA1
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< wnt| qi sn|| nuozmjkq| qi bzklqdik
Sn||-et-rnfzj
Sn||-et-ujbjujklj wdqg ujbjujklj nuozmjkq|
Sn||-et-ujbjujklj wdqg sidkqju nuozmjkq|ujqzuk lnk ujqzuk ikj rnfzj buim bzklqdik
Nuozmjkq| sn||ja qi bzklqdik z|dkoujbjujklj nuozmjkq|
Miadbt iudodknf rnfzj| ib nuozmjkq| Miuj qgnk ikj rnfzj ujqzukja
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Sn||-et-ujbjujklj wdqg sidkqju nuozmjkq|
\dmzfnqj sn||-et-ujbjujklj Z|j sidkqju| nka dkadujlqdik isjunqiu
Sn|| naauj|| ib nuozmjkq z|dko"
isjunqiu
Nuunt| kiq sn||ja wdqg " ejlnz|j nuunt knmjnfujnat sidkqju
( isjunqiu z|ja wdqg nfdn|)kdl`knmj biu rnudnefj
dk|daj ib bzklqdik
> )) a 5
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> )) liaj 5
5 )) Lzej n rnudnefj z|dko sn||-et-rnfzj
< ,dklfzaj 6di|qujnm;
1
: z|dko |qa88lizq0
2 z|dko |qa88jkaf0
?
7 dkq lzejEtRnfzj' dkq $0 )) suiqiqtsj
4
>3 dkq mndk'$
>> p
>5 dkq kzmeju = :0
>1 lizq 66 %Qgj iudodknf rnfzj ib kzmeju d| % 66 kzmeju0
>:
>2 )) sn|| kzmeju et rnfzj qi lzejEtRnfzj
>? kzmeju = lzejEtRnfzj' kzmeju $0
>7
>4 lizq 66 %VkQgj kjw rnfzj ib kzmeju d| % 66 kzmeju 66 jkaf0
53
5> ujqzuk30 )) dkadlnqj| |zllj||bzf qjumdknqdik
55
5< } )) jka mndk
51
5: )) lnflzfnqj nka ujqzuk lzej ib dkqjoju nuozmjkq52 dkq lzejEtRnfzj' dkq k $
5? p
57 ujqzuk k ( k ( k0 )) lzej filnf rnudnefj k nka ujqzuk uj|zfq
54
3
Sn|| kzmeju et rnfzj0 uj|zfq
ujqzukja etlzejEtRnfzj
lzejEtRnfzj ujljdrj|
snunmjqju sn||ja-et-rnfzjQgj iudodknf rnfzj ib kzmeju d|:
Qgj kjw rnfzj ib kzmeju d| >5:
f a
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1 ,dklfzaj 6di|qujnm;
2 z|dko |qa88lizq0
? z|dko |qa88jkaf0
4 rida lzejEtUjbjujklj' dkq ( $0 )) suiqiqtsj
>3
>> dkq mndk'$
>5 p>< dkq kzmeju = :0
>1
>: lizq 66 %Qgj iudodknf rnfzj ib kzmeju d| % 66 kzmeju0
>2
>? )) sn|| naauj|| ib kzmeju qi lzejEtUjbjujklj
>7 lzejEtUjbjujklj' "kzmeju $0
>4
53 lizq 66 %VkQgj kjw rnfzj ib kzmeju d| % 66 kzmeju 66 jkaf0
5>
55 ujqzuk30 )) dkadlnqj| |zllj||bzf qjumdknqdik
53
>>rida likrjuqQiZssjuln|j' lgnu ( $0
>< dkq mndk'$
>1 p
>: lgnu sgun|jP] = %lgnunlqju| nka !? lizq 66 %Qgj sgun|j ejbiuj likrju|dik d|8 % 66 sgun|j0
>7 likrjuqQiZssjuln|j' sgun|j $0
>4 lizq 66 %VkQgj sgun|j nbqju likrju|dik d|8 %
53 66 sgun|j 66 jkaf0
55 ujqzuk30 )) dkadlnqj| |zllj||bzf qjumdknqdik 51 } )) jka mndk
5: 52 )) likrjuq |qudko qi zssjuln|j fjqqju|
5? rida likrjuqQiZssjuln|j' lgnu (|Squ $
57 p
54 wgdfj ' (|Squ .= /V3/ $ p )) lzuujkq lgnunlqju d| kiq /V3/
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Sudkqdko n |qudko ikj lgnunlqju nq n qdmjz|dko
>->2
rida sudkqLgnunlqju|' lik|q lgnu (|Squ $
pbiu ' 0 (|Squ .= /V3/0 |Squ++ $ )) ki dkdqdnfdxnqdik
lizq 66 (|Squ0
})) jka bzklqdik sudkqLgnunlqju|
|Squ d| kiklik|qnkq sidkqju
qi lik|qnkq anqn0 lnkkiq
miadbt lgnunlqju qi wgdlg
|Squ sidkq|
> )) a :
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> )) liaj :
5 )) Sudkqdko n |qudko ikj lgnunlqju nq n qdmj z|dko
< )) n kik-lik|qnkq sidkqju qi lik|qnkq anqn
1 ,dklfzaj 6di|qujnm;
:
2 z|dko |qa88lizq0
? z|dko |qa88jkaf0
7
4 rida sudkqLgnunlqju|' lik|q lgnu ( $0
>3
>> dkq mndk'$
>5 p
>< lgnu sgun|jP] = %sudkq lgnunlqju| ib n |qudko%0
>1
>: lizq 66 %Qgj |qudko d|8Vk%0
>2 sudkqLgnunlqju|' sgun|j $0
>? lizq 66 jkaf0
>7
>4 ujqzuk30 )) dkadlnqj| |zllj||bzf qjumdknqdik
53
5> } )) jka mndk
5< )) |Squ lnkkiq miadbt qgj lgnunlqju qi wgdlg dq sidkq|& 51 )) dj& |Squ d| n %ujna-ikft% sidkqju
5: rida sudkqLgnunlqju|' lik|q lgnu (|Squ $
52 p
5? biu ' 0 (|Squ .= /V3/0 |Squ++ $ )) ki dkdqdnfdxnqdik
57 lizq 66 (|Squ0
54
?
Snunmjqju d| kiklik|qnkq
sidkqju qi lik|qnkq anqn
Sn|| sidkqju sgun|j qi
bzklqdik
sudkqLgnunlqju|
|Squ d| kiklik|qnkq sidkqju
qi lik|qnkq anqn0 lnkkiq
miadbt lgnunlqju qi wgdlg
|Squ sidkq|
Qgj |qudko d|8
sudkq lgnunlqju| ib n |qudko
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Nqqjmsqdko qi miadbt anqn qguizog n
kik-lik|qnkq sidkqju qi lik|qnkq anqn
>->7
rida b' lik|q dkq ( $0
Snunmjqju d| kiklik|qnkq
sidkqju qi lik|qnkq anqn
> )) liaj 2
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> )) liaj 2
5 )) Nqqjmsqdko qi miadbt anqn qguizog n
< )) kik-lik|qnkq sidkqju qi lik|qnkq anqn
1
: rida b' lik|q dkq ( $0 )) suiqiqtsj
2
?dkq mndk'$
7 p
4 dkq t0
>3
>> b' "t $0 )) b nqqjmsq| dffjonf miadbdlnqdik
>5
>< ujqzuk30 )) dkadlnqj| |zllj||bzf qjumdknqdik
>1
>: } )) jka mndk
>2
>? )) Squ lnkkiq miadbt qgj rnfzj ib qgj rnudnefj
>7 )) qi wgdlg dq sidkq|
>4 rida b' lik|q dkq (Squ $
53 p
5> (Squ = >330 )) juuiu8 lnkkiq miadbt n lik|q iehjlq
55
5< } )) jka bzklqdik b
>4
juuiu L5>228
f-rnfzj |sjldbdj| lik|q iehjlq
Snunmjqju d| kiklik|qnkq
sidkqju qi lik|qnkq anqn
Sn|| naauj|| ibdkq rnudnefj
t qi nqqjmsq dffjonfmiadbdlnqdik
Nqqjmsq qi miadbt lik|q
iehjlq sidkqja qi et Squ
Juuiu suiazlja wgjk
nqqjmsqdko qi limsdfj
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lik|q sidkqju|
Nfwnt| sidkq qi |nmj mjmiut filnqdik
Ajbnzfq biu nuunt knmj
Mz|q ej dkdqdnfdxja wgjk ajlfnuja
> )) liaj ?
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5>
)) liaj ?
5 )) Nqqjmsqdko qi miadbt n lik|qnkq sidkqju qi
< )) kik-lik|qnkq anqn
1
: dkq mndk'$
2 p
? dkq & t0
7
4 )) squ d| n lik|qnkq sidkqju qi nk dkqjoju qgnq lnk
>3 )) ej miadbdja qguizog squ& ezq squ nfwnt| sidkq| qi qgj
>> )) |nmj mjmiut filnqdik
>5 dkq ( lik|q squ = "0
>1 (squ = ?0 )) nffiwja8 (squ d| kiq lik|q
>: squ = "t0 )) juuiu8 squ d| lik|q0 lnkkiq n||dok kjw naauj|| >2
>? ujqzuk30 )) dkadlnqj| |zllj||bzf qjumdknqdik
>7
>4 } )) jka mndk
juuiu L5>228
f-rnfzj |sjldbdj| lik|q iehjlq
squ d| lik|qnkq sidkqju qi
dkqjojuLnk miadbt 'sidkqja qi et
squ$ |dklj kiq lik|qnkqLnkkiq miadbt squ qi sidkq
qi kjw naauj|| |dklj squ d|
lik|qnkq
Fdkj >: ojkjunqj| limsdfju
juuiu et nqqjmsqdko qi n||dok
kjw naauj|| qi lik|qnkq
sidkqju
> )) liaj 7
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55
5 )) Nqqjmsqdko qi miadbt n lik|qnkq sidkqju qi lik|qnkq anqn
< ,dklfzaj 6di|qujnm;
1
: z|dko |qa88lizq0
2 z|dko |qa88jkaf0
?
7 dkq mndk'$4 p
>3 dkq = :& t0
>>
>5 )) squ d| n lik|qnkq sidkqju qi n lik|qnkq dkqjoju
>< )) squ nfwnt| sidkq| qi qgj |nmj filnqdik0 qgj dkqjoju
>1 )) nq qgnq filnqdik lnkkiq ej miadbdja
>: lik|q dkq (lik|q squ = "0>2
>? lizq 66 (squ 66 jkaf0
>7
>4 (squ = ?0 )) juuiu8 (squ d| lik|q0 lnkkiq n||dok kjw rnfzj
53 squ = "t0 )) juuiu8 squ d| lik|q0 lnkkiq n||dok kjw naauj||
5>
55
ujqzuk30 )) dkadlnqj| |zllj||bzf qjumdknqdik
5 jfjmjkq $ ( ' kzmeju ib jfjmjkq| $
Db |dxjib' dkq $ = 1& qgjkdkq mtNuuntP>3]0
lizq 66 |dxjib'mtNuunt$0
wdff sudkq 13
|dxjib lnk ej z|ja wdqg Rnudnefj knmj| Qtsj knmj|
Lik|qnkq rnfzj|
> )) liaj >3
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51
5 )) \dxjib isjunqiu wgjk z|ja ik nk nuunt knmj
< )) ujqzuk| qgj kzmeju ib etqj| dk qgj nuunt
1 ,dklfzaj 6di|qujnm;
:
2 z|dko |qa88lizq0
? z|dko |qa88jkaf0
7
4 |dxjYq ojq\dxj' aizefj ( $0 )) suiqiqtsj
>3
>> dkq mndk'$
>5 p
>< aizefj nuuntP 53 ]0
>1
>: lizq 66 %Qgj kzmeju ib etqj| dk qgj nuunt d| %
>2 66 |dxjib' nuunt $0>?
>7
5> ujqzuk30 )) dkadlnqj| |zllj||bzf qjumdknqdik
55
5< } )) jka mndk
51 5: )) ujqzuk |dxj ib squ
52 |dxjYq ojq\dxj' aizefj (squ $
5? p
57 ujqzuk|dxjib' squ $0
54
23
Isjunqiu |dxjib ujqzuk|
kzmeju ib etqj| ib sidkqju
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5:
Sidkqju nudqgmjqdl Dklujmjkq)ajlujmjkq sidkqju '++ iu --$
Naa)|zequnlq nk dkqjoju qi)buim n sidkqju' + iu += & - iu-=$
Sidkqju| mnt ej |zequnlqja buim jnlg iqgju
Sidkqju nudqgmjqdl mjnkdkofj|| zkfj|| sjubiumja iksidkqju qi nuunt
: jfjmjkq dkq nuunt ik n mnlgdkj z|dko 1 etqjdkq|
rSqusidkq| qi bdu|q jfjmjkq
rP 3 ]& wgdlg d| nq
filnqdik
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52
\zequnlqdko sidkqju| Ujqzuk| kzmeju ib jfjmjkq| ejqwjjk qwi naauj||j|
rSqu5 = "rP 5 ]0
rSqu = "rP 3 ]0lizq 66 rSqu5 - rSqu '5 wdff ej sudkqja$
Sidkqju n||dokmjkq
Sidkqju lnk ej n||dokja qi nkiqgju sidkqju db eiqg ib|nmj qtsj
Db kiq |nmj qtsj& ln|q isjunqiu mz|q ej z|ja Jljsqdik8 Rida Sidkqju8 sidkqju qi rida'qtsj rida($
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5?
Nuunt| nka sidkqju| lfi|jft ujfnqja Nuunt knmj fd`j lik|qnkq sidkqju
Sidkqju| lnk ai nuunt |ze|ludsqdko isjunqdik|
Nllj||dko nuunt jfjmjkq| wdqg sidkqju|
JfjmjkqeP k ] lnk ej nllj||ja et (' eSqu + k$ Lnffja sidkqju)ibb|jq kiqnqdik
Naauj||j| "eP < ] |nmj n|eSqu + )) liaj >5
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57
5 )) Z|dko |ze|ludsqdko nka sidkqju kiqnqdik| wdqg nuunt|
4 lizq 66 %eP% 66 d 66 %] = % 66 eP d ] 66 /Vk/0
53
5> )) izqszq nuunt e z|dko qgj nuunt knmj nka
55 )) sidkqju)ibb|jq kiqnqdik
5< lizq 66 %VkSidkqju)ibb|jq kiqnqdik wgjuj %
51 66 %qgj sidkqju d| qgj nuunt knmjVk%0
5:
Z|dko nuunt |ze|ludsq
kiqnqdik
52 biu ' dkq ibb|jq> 30 ibb|jq> 10 ibb|jq> $
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54
52 biu ' dkq ibb|jq> = 30 ibb|jq> 6 10 ibb|jq>++ $
5? lizq 66 %('e + % 66 ibb|jq> 66 %$ = %
57 66 (' e + ibb|jq> $ 66 /Vk/0
54
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3
eP>] = 53
eP5] = $ = 53
('e + 5$ = 3
('eSqu + >$ = 53
('eSqu + 5$ =
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Nuunt lnk likqndk sidkqju|
Limmikft z|ja qi |qiuj nuunt ib |qudko|lgnu (|zdqP 1 ] = p%Gjnuq|%& %Adnmika|%&
%Lfze|%& %\snaj|% }0
Jnlg jfjmjkq ib |zdq sidkq| qi lgnu ( 'n |qudko$ Nuunt aij| kiq |qiuj |qudko|& ikft sidkqju| qi |qudko|
|zdq nuunt gn| bdja |dxj& ezq |qudko| lnk ej ib nkt|dxj
|zdqP]
|zdqP3] G j n u q | V3
A d n m i k a | V3
L f z e | V3
\ s n a j | V3
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55 dk N\LDD
\qudko \judj| ib lgnunlqju| qujnqja n| |dkofj zkdq Lnk dklfzaj fjqqju|& adodq|& |sjldnf lgnunlqju| +& -& (
\qudko fdqjunf '|qudko lik|qnkq|$ Jklfi|ja dk aizefj ~ziqj|& biu jnmsfj8
%D fd`j L++% Nuunt ib lgnunlqju|& jka| wdqg kzff lgnunlqju /V3/ \qudko d| lik|qnkq sidkqju Sidkqju qi |qudko| bdu|q lgnunlqju Fd`j nuunt|
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& lik|q lgnu
(|5 $0
N |j~zjklj ib lnff| qi |quqi` eujn`|
|qudko |>dkqi qi`jk|fiodlnf sdjlj||zlg n| wiua| dk n fdkj ib qjqajfdmdqja
et lgnunlqju| likqndkja dk |qudko |5 Qgjbdu|q lnff likqndk| |> n| qgj bdu|q nuozmjkq&
nka |ze|j~zjkq lnff| qi likqdkzj qi`jkdxdko
qgj |nmj |qudko likqndkKZFF n| qgj bdu|q
nuozmjkq N sidkqju qi qgj lzuujkq qi`jk d|ujqzukja et jnlg lnff Db qgjuj nuj ki miujqi`jk| wgjk qgj bzklqdik d| lnffja&KZFF d|
ujqzukja
|dxjYq |qufjk' lik|q lgnu (| $0 Ajqjumdkj| qgj fjkoqg ib |qudko | Qgj
kzmeju ib lgnunlqju| sujljadko qgj
qjumdknqdko kzff lgnunlqju d| ujqzukja
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& lik|q lgnu(|5& |dxjYq k $
\sjldbdj| kzmeju ib lgnunlqju| qi ej lisdja buim|qudko dkqi nuunt
Aij| kiq kjlj||nudft list qjumdknqdko kzff lgnunlqju
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_j gnrj qwi lnu knmj|8
Lnu knmj >8 Biua J|liuq
Lnu knmj 58 Qitiqn 1- Uzkkju
_j wnkq qi list ikft 7 lgnunlqju| buim lnuknmj > dkqi lnu knmj 5
,dklfzaj 6di|qujnm;
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z|dko knmj|snlj |qa0
dkq mndk'$
p
lgnu LnuKnmj>P ] = %Biua J|liuq%0
lgnu LnuKnmj5P ] = %Qitiqn 1-Uzkkju%0
lizq 66 %Qgj \qudko List Isjunqdik%0
lizq 66 %VkBdu|q Lnu8 % 66 LnuKnmj>0
lizq 66 %Vk\jlika Lnu8 % 66 LnuKnmj50
|quklst'LnuKnmj5& LnuKnmj>& 7$0
lizq 66 %VkVkNbqju z|dko |quklst'$ biu 7 lgnunlqju|%0
lizq 66 %VkBdu|q Lnu8 % 66 LnuKnmj>0
lizq 66 %Vk\jlika Lnu8 % 66 LnuKnmj5 66 jkaf0
ujqzuk 30
}
Qgj \qudko List Isjunqdik
Bdu|q Lnu8 Biua J|liuq
\jlika Lnu8 Qitiqn 1-Uzkkju
Nbqju z|dko |quklst'$ biu 7lgnunlqju|
Bdu|q Lnu8 Biua J|liuq
\jlika Lnu8 Biua J|l-Uzkkju
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15
Liklnqjknqdko |qudko| lgnu (|qulnq' lgnu (|>& lik|q lgnu(|5 $
Nssjka| |jlika nuozmjkq qi bdu|q nuozmjkq
Bdu|q lgnunlqju ib |jlika nuozmjkq ujsfnlj| kzfflgnunlqju qjumdknqdko bdu|q nuozmjkq
Jk|zuj bdu|q nuozmjkq fnuoj jkizog qi |qiujliklnqjknqja uj|zfq nka kzff lgnunlqju
lgnu (|quklnq' lgnu (|>& lik|q lgnu(|5& |dxjYq k $
Nssjka| |sjldbdja kzmeju ib lgnunlqju| buim |jlikanuozmjkq qi bdu|q nuozmjkq
Nssjka| qjumdknqdko kzff lgnunlqju qi uj|zfq
1 )) Z|dko |qulnq nka |quklnq
d q d
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1& |5 $0 )) liklnqjknqj |5 qi |>
>2
>? lizq 66 %VkVkNbqju |qulnq'|>& |5$8Vk|> = % 66 |>
>7 66 %Vk|5 = %66 |50
>4
53 )) liklnqjknqj bdu|q 2 lgnunlqju| ib |> qi | |quklnq' |& 2 $0 )) sfnlj| /V3/ nbqju fn|q lgnunlqju
55
5< lizq 66 %VkVkNbqju |quklnq'|& 2$8Vk|> = % 66 |>51 66 %Vk|< = %66 | = %66 |>
57 66 %Vk|< = %66 |< 66 jkaf0
54 ujqzuk30 } )) dkadlnqj| |zllj||bzf qjumdknqdik
6l|qudko; likqndk|suiqiqtsj| biu |qulnqnka |quklnq
Nssjka |5 qi |>
Nssjka bdu|q 2lgnunlqju| ib |> qi | qi | = Gnsst
|5 = Kjw Tjnu
Nbqju |qulnq'|>& |5$8
|> = Gnsst Kjw Tjnu
|5 = Kjw Tjnu
Nbqju |quklnq'|& 2$8
|> = Gnsst Kjw Tjnu
|< = Gnsst
Nbqju |qulnq'|$8
|> = Gnsst Kjw Tjnu
|< = Gnsst Gnsst Kjw Tjnu
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_j wnkq qi naa qi |qudko|
Mn`j8 wgdlg gn| qgj |qudko Biua
Miajf8 wgdlg gn| qgj knmj Jsfiuju
kq mn kp
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p
lgnu (Mn`j = %Biua %0
lgnu (Miajf = %Jsfiuju%0
lizq 66 %Iudodknfft& Mn`j = % 66 Mn`j0
|qulnq'Mn`j& Miajf$0
lizq 66 %VkVkNbqju liklnqjknqdko& Mn`j = %
66 Mn`j 66 jkaf0
ujqzuk 30
}
Iudodknfft& Mn`j = Biua
Nbqju liklnqjknqdko& Mn`j = Biua Jsfiuju
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12
Limsnudko |qudko|
Lgnunlqju| ujsuj|jkqja n| kzmjudl liaj| \qudko| limsnuja z|dko kzmjudl liaj|
Lgnunlqju liaj| ) lgnunlqju |jq| N\LDD
Nmjudlnk \qnkanua Liaj biu Dkbiumnqdik
Dkqjulgnkoj
JELADL
Jqjkaja Edknut Liaja Ajldmnf Dkqjulgnkoj Liaj
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1?
Limsnudko |qudko| dkq |qulms' lik|q lgnu (|>& lik|q lgnu(|5 $ Limsnuj| lgnunlqju et lgnunlqju
Ujqzuk|
Xjui db |qudko| j~znf
Kjonqdrj rnfzj db bdu|q |qudko fj|| qgnk |jlika |qudko
Si|dqdrj rnfzj db bdu|q |qudko oujnqju qgnk |jlika |qudko
dkq |quklms' lik|q lgnu (|>&
lik|q lgnu (|5& |dxjYq k$ Limsnuj| zs qi |sjldbdja kzmeju ib lgnunlqju|
\qis| limsnudko db ujnlgj| kzff lgnunlqju dk ikj ibnuozmjkq|
17 5 )) Z|dko |qulms nka |quklms
3 z|dko |qa88|jqw0
>5 ,dklfzaj 6l|qudko; )) suiqiqtsj| biu |qulms nka |quklms >1 dkq mndk'$
>: p
>2 lgnu (|> = %Gnsst Kjw Tjnu%0
>? lgnu (|5 = %Gnsst Kjw Tjnu%0
>7 lgnu (|< = %Gnsst Gifdant%0
>4
53 lizq 66 %|> = % 66 |> 66 %Vk|5 = % 66 |5
5> 66 %Vk|< = % 66 |< 66 %VkVk|qulms'|>& |5$ = %
55 66 |jqw' 5 $ 66 |qulms' |>& |5 $
5< 66 %Vk|qulms'|>& |& |< $ 66 %Vk|qulms'|$ = %
66 |jqw' 5 $ 66 |qulms' | $0
lizq 66 %VkVk|quklms'|>& |& |& |
|qulms'|$ = ->
|quklms'|>& |
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14
Qi`jkdxdko Eujn`dko |qudko| dkqi qi`jk|& |jsnunqja et ajfdmdqdko
lgnunlqju|
Qi`jk| z|znfft fiodlnf zkdq|& |zlg n| wiua| '|jsnunqjaet |snlj|$
%Qgd| d| mt |qudko% gn| 1 wiua qi`jk|'|jsnunqja et |snlj|$
lgnu (|quqi`' lgnu (|>& lik|q lgnu (|5 $ Mzfqdsfj lnff| uj~zduja
Bdu|q lnff likqndk| qwi nuozmjkq|& |qudko qi ejqi`jkdxja nka |qudko likqndkdko ajfdmdqdko lgnunlqju| Bdka| kjq ajfdmdqdko lgnunlqju nka ujsfnlj| wdqg kzff
lgnunlqju
\ze|j~zjkq lnff| likqdkzj qi`jkdxdko Lnff wdqg bdu|q nuozmjkqKZFF
:3> )) liaj >?
5 )) Z d q q `
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:35 )) Z|dko |quqi`
< ,dklfzaj 6di|qujnm;
1
: z|dko |qa88lizq0
2 z|dko |qa88jkaf0
?
7 ,dklfzaj 6l|qudko; )) suiqiqtsj biu |quqi`
4
>3 dkq mndk'$
>> p
>5 lgnu |jkqjkljP] = %Qgd| d| n |jkqjklj wdqg ? qi`jk|%0
>< lgnu (qi`jkSqu0
>1
>: lizq 66 %Qgj |qudko qi ej qi`jkdxja d|8Vk% 66 |jkqjklj
>2 66 %VkVkQgj qi`jk| nuj8VkVk%0
>?
>7 )) ejodk qi`jkdxnqdik ib |jkqjklj
>4 qi`jkSqu = |quqi`' |jkqjklj& % % $0
53 5> )) likqdkzj qi`jkdxdko |jkqjklj zkqdf qi`jkSqu ejlimj| KZFF
55 wgdfj ' qi`jkSqu .=KZFF $ p
5< lizq 66 qi`jkSqu 66 /Vk/0
51 qi`jkSqu = |quqi`'KZFF& % % $0 )) ojq kjq qi`jk
5:
52 } )) jka wgdfj
5?
57 lizq 66 %VkNbqju |quqi`& |jkqjklj = % 66 |jkqjklj 66 jkaf0
54
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:>
Ajqjumdkdko |qudko fjkoqg| |dxjYq |qufjk' lik|q lgnu (| $
Ujqzuk| kzmeju ib lgnunlqju| dk |qudko
Qjumdknqdko kzff lgnunlqju kiq dklfzaja dk fjkoqg
:5> )) liaj >7
5 )) Z d q f
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:55 )) Z|dko |qufjk
< ,dklfzaj 6di|qujnm;
1
: z|dko |qa88lizq0
2 z|dko |qa88jkaf0
?
7 ,dklfzaj 6l|qudko; )) suiqiqtsj biu |qufjk4
>3 dkq mndk'$
>> p
>5 lgnu (|qudko> = %nelajbogdh`fmkis~u|qzrwtx%0
>< lgnu (|qudko5 = %bizu%0
>1 lgnu (|qudko< = %Ei|qik%0
>:
>2 lizq 66 %Qgj fjkoqg ib V%%66 |qudko>
>? 66 %V% d| %66 |qufjk' |qudko> $
>7 66 %VkQgj fjkoqg ib V%% 66 |qudko5
>4 66 %V% d| %66 |qufjk' |qudko5 $
53 66 %VkQgj fjkoqg ib V%% 66 |qudko 66 %V% d| % 66 |qufjk' |qudko< $ 66 jkaf0
55
5-::
,dklfzaj6di|qujnm g;
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,dklfzaj6di|qujnmg;,dklfzaj6likdig;
,dklfzaj6|qadig;
dkq mndk' $p
lfu|lu' $0
lgnu |quP73]0
lizq66%Jkqju n |qudko8%0ldkojqfdkj' |qu& 73& /Vk/ $0
biu'dkq f=30 |quPf].=/V3/0f++$0
biu'dkq d=f->0d;=30d--$
lizq66|quPd]0ojqlg'$0
ujqzuk 30 }
>-:2
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_udqj n suiounm qi lizkq kzmeju ib wiua| dk|qudko
>-:?
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,dklfzaj6di|qujnmg;,dklfzaj6likdig;,dklfzaj6|qadig;dkq mndk' $p
lfu|lu' $0lgnu |quP73]0dkq wiua|=30lizq66%Jkqju n |qudko8%0ojq|'|qu$0biu'dkq d=30|quPd].=/V3/0d++$p
db '|quPd]==/ /$wiua|++0 ))Lgjl`dko biu |snlj|
}lizq66%Qgj kzmeju ib wiua|=%66wiua|+>66jkaf0 ojqlg'$0
ujqzuk 30}
>-:7
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_udqj n suiounm qi limsnuj qwi |qudko| qgjtnuj jnlq j~znf iu kiq
>-:4
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>-23
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_udqj n suiounm qi bdka n |ze|qudko wdqgdk n
|qudko+ Db bizka ad|sfnt dq| |qnuqdko si|dqdik
>-2>
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>-25
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>-2<
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_udqj n suiounm qi liklnqjknqj ikj |qudkolikqjkq| qi nkiqgju
Qn`j qgj qwi |qudko| buim z|ju
>-21
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Z|j |qulnq' |qu>& |qu5$
Ojq|'|qu>$
Ojq| '|qu5$
>-2:
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_udqj n suiounm qgnq ujna| n |qudko buim n z|junka qgjk sudkq| izq nff qgj uiqnqdik| ib qgj|qudko Biu jnmsfj& qgj uiqnqdik| ib qgj wiua|snlj nuj |snlj
snlj| nlj|s lj|sn j|snl
Kiqj8 Tiz gnrj qi wudqj n ojkjunfdxja suiounm&wgdlg mz|q wiu` biu jrjut |qudko Tiz mntn||zmj qgnq mndmzm |dxj ib qgj |qudko d| :3lgnunlqju|
>-22
,dklfzaj 6di|qujnm;
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z|dko knmj|snlj |qa0
dkq mndk'$
p
lgnu |qudkoP:3]0
lizq 66 %Jkqju qgj |qudko Vk%0
ldkojqfdkj'|qudko&:3&/Vk/$0
lizq 66 %Nff uiqnqdik| ib qgj |qudko nuj8Vk%0
biu 'dkq d=30 |qudkoPd].=/V3/0 d++$
p
biu 'dkq h=d0 |qudkoPh].=/V3/0 h++$
lizq 66 |qudkoPh]0
biu 'h=30 h6d0 h++$
lizq 66 |qudkoPh]0
lizq 66 jkaf0
}
ujqzuk 30
}