Lec 12: Rapid Bioassessment Protocols (RBP’s) for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers

Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates, and Fish

What: Practical technical reference for conducting cost-effective biological assessments of lotic systems

Used for:

* Characterizing the existence and severity of water impairment

* Helping to identify sources and causes of impairment

* Evaluating the effectiveness of control actions and restoration

activities

* Characterizing regional biotic attributes of

reference conditions

(Not an exhaustive list)

Biosurvey techniques, such as the Rapid Bioassessment Protocols (RBPs), are best used for detecting aquatic life impairments and assessing their relative severity

Some of the advantages of using biosurveys for this type of monitoring are:

* Biological communities reflect overall ecological integrity (i.e., chemical, physical, and biological integrity)

* Biological communities integrate the effects of different stressors

* Communities integrate the stresses over time

* Routine monitoring of biological communities can be relatively inexpensive, particularly when compared to the cost of assessing toxic pollutants, either chemically or with toxicity tests

* The status of biological communities is of direct interest to the public as a measure of a pollution free environment.

Use of Different Assemblages in Biosurveys

Advantages of Using Periphyton

* Algae generally have rapid reproduction rates and very short life cycles, making them valuable indicators of short-term impacts

* As primary producers, algae are most directly affected by physical and chemical factors

* Sampling is easy, inexpensive, requires few people, and creates minimal impact to resident biota

* Relatively standard methods exist for evaluation of functional and non-taxonomic structural (biomass, chlorophyll measurements) characteristics of algal communities

* Good indicators of localized conditions; limited migration patterns or a sessile mode of life

* Integrate effects of short-term environmental variations. Most species have a complex life cycle of approximately 1 year or more. Sensitive life stages will respond quickly to stress; the overall community will respond more slowly

* Degraded conditions can often be detected by an experienced biologist with only a cursory examination of the benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage

* Comprised of species that constitute a broad range of trophic levels and pollution tolerances, thus providing strong information for interpreting cumulative effects

Use of Different Assemblages in Biosurveys

Advantages of Using Benthic Macroinvertebrates

* Sampling is relatively easy, requires few people and inexpensive gear

* Benthic macroinvertebrates serve as a primary food source for fish

* Benthic macroinvertebrates are abundant in most streams. Many small streams (1st and 2nd order), which naturally support a diverse macroinvertebrate fauna, only support a limited fish fauna

* Most state water quality agencies that routinely collect biosurvey data focus on macroinvertebrates

Use of Different Assemblages in Biosurveys

Advantages of Using Benthic Macroinvertebrates

* Good indicators of long-term (several years) effects and broad habitat conditions because they are relatively long-lived and mobile

* Generally include a range of species that represent a variety of trophic levels & tend to integrate effects of lower trophic levels; thus, fish assemblage structure is reflective of integrated environmental health

* Fish are relatively easy to collect and identify to the species level

* Environmental requirements of most fish are comparatively well known. Life history information is extensive for many species, and information on fish distributions is commonly available

* Fish account for nearly half of the endangered vertebrate species and subspecies in the United States

Use of Different Assemblages in Biosurveys

Advantages of Using Fish

* Physical habitat quality is an integral component of evaluating impairment

* Habitat quality is based on key physical characteristics of the waterbody and surrounding land, particularly the catchment of the site under investigation. All of the habitat parameters evaluated are related to overall aquatic life use and are a potential source of limitation to the aquatic biota.

* The alteration of the physical structure of the habitat is one of 5 major factors from human activities described by Karr (Karr et al. 1986,

Karr 1991) that degrade aquatic resources

* Habitat, as structured by instream and surrounding topographical features, is a major determinant of aquatic community potential

* Final conclusions regarding the presence and degree of biological impairment should thus include an evaluation of habitat quality to determine the extent that habitat may be a limiting factor

Importance of Habitat Assessment

‘Upstream’

‘Downstream’

Temperature, DO Depth, Area, Velocity, Discharge

Substrate Composition

Floating Fruit

HW,TL,TT,AR

Size particle Index Observed ProductCategory size (mm) score (tally marks)

(A) (B) (AxB)Boulder >256 5 0Cobble 64-256 4 15 60Pebble 16-64 3 10 30

Gravel 2-16 2 0Sand & silt <2 1 0Total 25 90Average 3.60

`

Q = 0.183 m3/s 48.30897 Gal/s = 6.4573 cfs

Substrate Composition: The classification of mineral substrates by particle

Sediment Composition

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Boulder Cobble Pebble Gravel Sand & silt

Particle Size

Pro

du

ct

02468101214

0.01.02.03.04.05.06.0

Cumulative river width (m)

Wat

er d

epth

(cm

)

Site Code: FGC_Mid Riffle Date Access Rds.GPS at sampling pt. 37 5 55.6 119 38 17.1 Elevation 271mArrival Time 13:30 Departure 16:00 Crew Initials HW,TL,TT,AR

Hab Assess Metric Score Metric Score1 13 6 192 18 7 123 9 8 13

Temperature 21.6 4 17 9 14DO (mg/L) 9.46 5 7 10 12

DO (%sat) 105.5 Total 134Conductivity 280pH 8.37

10%

A Meter point

ID

B Sectio

n width

b

C Cumulativ

e width (m)

D Section depth

(cm)

E Average depth

(m)

F Area =BxE

(m2)

G Velocity

(midpoint) (m/s)

H Discharge

=FxG (m3/s)

G Descriptive

notes 1 0.5 0.0 0 empty empty empty empty2 0.5 0.5 7 0.04 0.018 0.43 0.0083 0.5 1.0 9 0.08 0.040 0.42 0.0174 0.5 1.5 13 0.11 0.055 0.96 0.0535 0.5 2.0 7 0.10 0.050 0.89 0.0456 0.5 2.5 8 0.07 0.036 0.79 0.0297 0.5 3.0 6 0.07 0.034 0.55 0.0198 0.5 3.5 5 0.06 0.028 0.51 0.0149 0.5 4.0 3 0.04 0.019 0 0.000

10 1.5 5.5 0 0.01 0.006 Q =

Average 0.06 0.57Total 0.285 0.183

Discharge Measurement: Section width b=1m if total width W is > 10 m; b=0.5 cm if W=5-10 m; b=0.25 m if W=1-5 m. Velocity is measured at the middle of each section.

Embeddedness

4/14/2004

Sediment Composition

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Boulder Cobble Pebble Gravel Sand & silt

Particle Size

Pro

du

ct

Get ready to head out!