lec 1 microbiology intro and hx. lec 1

7/28/2019 LEC 1 Microbiology Intro and Hx. Lec 1

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To WILL is a great thing, for

ACTION & WORK usually followWILL and almost always WORK isfollowed by SUCCESS. WORK,

WILL, SUCCESS fill human

existence. WILL opens the door tosuccess, both brilliant & happy

WORK, passes these doors and atthe end of the journey, SUCCESS

comes to crown ones efforts.

by: Louis Pasteur


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INTRODUCTION AND

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY

Prepared by:

Michell

Ganase

-

Tugade

, R.M.T., M.D.


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INTRODUCTION

what does life really look like? - Led to the birth of new science called microbiology

Spontaneous generation advances

Principle behind fermentation in new

Causes of diseases science


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Diseases spread in the Middle Ages

plague, smallpox, leprosy, cholera

was brought to Europe

(Messina, Italy) in the 6th

century on the board of Genoa

ships from southern

Crimea

(infected rats)


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Until 14th century 25 mil. of

European inhabitants had died for

plague

The last great plague epidemic inEurope - in 1665, mostly in London



Yersinia pestis


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Alexander Yersin (1863-1943) and

S.Kitasato (1852-1931) discovered cause

of plague Yersinia pestis identified at

HongKong 1894


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Infectious diseases spread in the

Middle Ages - smallpox

Notes of epidemics in 4th cent. B.C. Endemic regions in Asia spread into

Europe and northern Africa in 6 - 8th

century

During 15th century to southern Africa

and America

The epidemics were stopped as late as in

19th century (Jenner, vaccination) Eradication of small pox WHO project

1977, last case in Somalia


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Infectious diseases spread in the

Middle Ages - smallpox


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Infectious diseases spread in the Middle Ages

Leprosy 12th to 13th century wholeEurope

1873 described by Armauer Hansen 9 yearsbefore Kochs discovery of bacillustuberculosis


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Syphilis most important STD inhistory

Treponema pallidum


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cholera during 19th century severalpandemics in Europe and America, lastpandemics started at Celebes and was spreadas far as southern Europe in 1961

in Central and Southern America in 1991


vibrio cholera


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Early Years of Microbiology

Fracastorius

(Girolamo Fracastoro from Verona) 1546

analysis of contagion: by physical

contact, by formites, at a distance He concluded that communicable

diseases are caused by living agents

(seminaria, seeds)


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Antoni van Leeuwenhook (1632-1723) Created glass lenses of his own,

simple microscope

Father of microbiology

Description of simplemicroorganisms animalcules

- bacteria, fungi, yeasts,

microbes


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what does life really look like

Antoni van Leeuwenhook

Stinger of a bee, leg of a louse,

brain of a fly, drop of of blood,flakes of his own skin, plaques of

his teeth


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Passion of creating variousmicroscopes

Created a microscope for each

specimen to view them again and

again, studying and recording everydetail


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Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

Taxonomic system

system for naming plants and

animals and grouping similarorganisms together.


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The Golden Age of Microbiology

spontaneous generation of microbial lifepossible?

Asexual reproduction

Sexual reproductionAbiogenesis ( from non living matter)

What causes fermentation?

What causes disease?

How can we prevent infection and disease?


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Aristotle (384-322BC)

Theory of spontaneous generation ortheory of abiogenesis widely

accepted for over 2000 years

17th centuryValidity of abiogenesis theory became

under challenge


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Francesco Redi (1626-1697)

Italian physician experimented on

decaying meat


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unsealed flask: maggots covered the meat within a

few days

Sealed flask: flies were kept away and no maggots

appeared on the meatflask covered with gauze: flies were kept away and

no maggots appeared on the meat, although a few

maggots appeared

on top of the gauze.


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Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

Chemistry : fermentation processes associated

with organisms recognizable by morphologyStarted industrial microbiology or

biotechnology

Silkworm disease investigation

Sterilization heating fluids to 120o

C underpressure, dry heat for glassware at 170oC

Idea of communicable diseases of plants,

animals and man



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Fermentation Process

infusion is

heated

Steamescapes

from open

end flasks

Infusion sits,

no microbes

appear

Air moves

in and out

of flask

Infusion

remains

sterileindefinitely

Dust from

air settles

in bend.


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Louis PasteurInvestigations in immunity:

Attenuation of pathogen by

prolonged cultivation and suboptimal

conditions vaccines againstPasteurella of chicken cholera,

against anthrax in animals

1886 live attenuated vaccine

against rabies (dried suspension of

infected rabitt spinal cord) success in

men infected by rabid dog and wolf


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Louis Pasteur in his laboratory


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Vaccination

against rabies


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ROBERT KOCH (1843-1910)


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Use of Petri dishes to hold solid

growth media Elucidation of bacteria as distinct

species

Discovery of Mycobacterium anthracis

& Mycobacterium tuberculosis

isolation of etiologic agents of:

typhoid fever, cholera, pneumoniae,

tetanus, diphtheria, Staphylococci


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Result of Gram Staining


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Prevention of diseases

Ignaz Semmelweis (1818 1865)

Austrian obstetrician Handwashing , infection control

high maternal mortality during delivery

transmission of infection by doctors

by contaminated hands during the

delivery hand washing in chlorine

compound solution the basis of

disinfection


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Joseph Lister

Antisepsis

Started using carbolic acid(phenol) in

surgical incisions/dressings

Father of antiseptic surgery


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O h N bl S i i f h G ld A f


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Other Notable Scientists of the Golden Age of

Microbiology

PETRI 1887 Petri dish (plate

Roux,

Yersin

1888 evidence of humoral immunity,

production of diphtheria toxin

Albert

Neisser

1879 Gonorrhea - Neisseria gonorrheae

Charles

Laveran

1880 Malaria -Plasmodium species (protozoa)

Carl Eberth 1880 Typhoid fever - Salmonella enterica

serotype Typhi

Oth N t bl S i ti t f th G ld A f


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Edwin Klebs 1883 Diphtheria - Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Albert

Fraenkel

1884

Pneumonia - Streptococcus pneumoniae

David Bruce 1887 Undulant fever (brucellosis) - Brucella melitensisAnton

Weichselbau

m

1887 Meningococcal meningitis - Neisseria

meningitidis

A. A. Gartner 1888 Salmonellosis (form of food poisoning)

Salmonella species

Shibasaburo

Kitasato

1889 Tetanus Clostridium tetani (bacterium)

-


Microbiology

Oth N t bl S i ti t f th G ld A f


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Dmitri Ivanowskiand Martinus

Beijerinck

18921898

Tobacco mosaic disease -Tobamovirus tobacco mosaic virus

William Welch and

George Nuttall

1892 Gas gangrene - Clostridium

perfringens

Alexandre Yersin

and Shibasaburo

Kitasato

1894 Bubonic plague - Yersinia pestis

Kiyoshi Shiga 1898 Shigellosis (a type of severe diarrhea)

- Shigella dysenteriae


Microbiology


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Emil vonBehring

1889-1890

diphtheria antitoxin neutralizes toxinin vivo, antitoxin to tetanus

Ilja

Metchnikoff

1891 phagocytosis, cellular defence

mechanisms

Bordet 1895 complement

Wassermann complement fixation test

Walter Reed 1900 Yellow fever - Flavivirus- yellow fever

virus


Microbiology


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Robert

Forde and

Joseph

Dutton

1902 African sleeping sickness - Trypanosoma

brucei, gambiense

Wright 1903 antibodies

Schaudin,

Hoffmann

1906 Treponema pallidum


Microbiology


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MODERN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY


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Carl Woese (1928)

discovered that significant differences in

nucleic acid sequences among organismsclearly reveal that cells belong to one of

three major groupsbacteria, archaea, or

eukaryotes


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Martinus Beijerinck

bacteria capable of converting nitrogengas (N2) from the air into nitrate (NO3),

the form of nitrogen used by plants,


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Sergei Winogradsky (18561953)

Elucidated the role of

microorganisms in the recycling ofsulfur.


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Alexander Fleming (18811955)

discovered penicillin


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Gerhard Domagk

(1895-1964)

German pathologist and

bacteriologist

In 1935 - Chemotherapy

of bacterial infections

Prontosil first anti-

bacterialchemotherapeutic

agent, sulfonamides


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end

lec 1 microbiology intro and hx. lec 1

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