learning target(s): define psychology and trace its historical development. identify and apply the...
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Learning Target(S): • Define psychology and trace its
historical development. • Identify and apply the major
modern perspectives/approaches.
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Psychology’s RootsPre-scientific
Psychology Is the mind
connected to the body or distinct?
Are ideas inborn or is the mind a blank slate filled by experience?
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History of PsychologySocrates (469-399 B.C.) & Plato (428-348 B.C.)
Socrates and Plato believed the mind was separate from the body.
Socrates
Plato
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History of Psychology Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
Aristotle suggested that the soul is not separable from the body.
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John Locke (1632-1704)
The mind was a tabula rasa, or blank sheet, at birth, and experiences
wrote on it.
History of Psychology
René Descartes (1596-1650)
The body and mind are separate, knowledge is
innate
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Founding Fathers of Ψ Wilhelm Wundt = “Father
of Modern Psychology”– 1st psych lab – Measure the simplest human
processes (reaction time)
Edward Titchener (& Wundt) – Structuralism– Break down conscious experience
into objective sensations & components
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Founding Fathers of Ψ• William James – Functionalism
– How our behavior and mental processes help us adapt to our environments
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• John B. Watson – Behaviorism– Emphasized study of observable
behavior
Founding Fathers of Ψ
• B.F. SkinnerReinforcement & behavior
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Founding Fathers of Ψ• Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) -
Psychoanalysis – Emphasizes unconscious motives and
conflicts in behavior
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Gestalt Psychology
• German psychologists Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, & Wolfgang Kohler (1920s)
• Emphasizes tendency to organize & integrate stimuli into meaningful patterns
“the whole is more than the sum of its parts”
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What is Psychology?• Psychology: the scientific study of
behavior and mental processes– Empirical science, not pseudoscience!
• Four goals of psychology:1) Description2) Explanation3) Prediction4) Control
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Other Milestones in Scientific Psychology
• G. Stanley Hall – first psych lab in U.S. @ Johns Hopkins U. (1883)– 1st American psych journal (1887) – American
Journal of Psychology• Herman Ebbinghaus – studies on memory
(1885)• American Psychological Association (1892)• Margaret Floy Washburn – 1st woman to
receive Ph.D. in psychology (1894)• Mary Whiton Calkins – first woman president
of APA (1905)• Francis Cecil Sumner – 1st African-American
Ph.D. in psychology
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Modern Psychology Perspectives
Learning Target: Compare and contrast the seven major psychological perspectives.
Why do we do the
things we do?
Why do we think the way we do?
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Evolutionary/Biological• Applies Darwin to Ψ
– Inherited behaviors ensure survival– Natural selection
• Interaction of genes & behavior• Parts of the brain, chemicals, hormones,
nervous system
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Psychodynamic• Modern psychoanalytic school• Unconscious desires and urges drive our behavior• Conflicts from childhood
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Behavioral (Learning)• John Watson, B.F. Skinner• Focuses on OBSERVABLE behaviors• How we learn behaviors
– Associations– Rewards & punishments– Observation
• How to change or modify behaviors
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Cognitive• Wilhelm Wundt, Jean Piaget, Herman Ebbinghaus• Focuses on mental processes• How we encode, process, store, & retrieve info• Perception of the world around us
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Humanistic• Focuses on positive growth (get in touch with
our emotions)• People are good by nature and have free will• Motivated to reach self-actualization• Control over choices
Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers
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Socio-Cultural• How our behavior & thoughts are influenced by
society & culture
Even in the same high school, behaviors can change in accordance to the various subcultures.
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Individualist v. CollectivistVariable Individualist Collectivist
Personal Identity Separate from others Connected to others
Major Goals Self-defined; be unique; realize your personal potential; compete with others
Defined by others; belong; occupy your proper place; meet your obligations to others; be like others
Criteria for self-esteem Ability to express unique aspects of the self; ability to be self-assured
Ability to restrain the self and be part of a social unit; ability to be modest
Sources of success and failure
Success comes from personal effort; failure, from external factors
Success is due to help from others; failure is due to personal faults
Major frame of reference Personal attitudes, traits, and goals
Family, work group
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Levels of Analysis – Biopsychosocial Model