learning strategies for students: learning disability encouraging, supportive classroom student...
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Learning Strategies for Students: Learning DisabilityEncouraging, supportive classroomStudent made to feel a valued member
of classRecognize efforts, improvement and
task completionOpportunities for positive self-
expression, beginning first in a small group setting
Learning Strategies for Students: Learning Disability Attach daily schedules,/timetables to student
notebook Have a buddy system Allow more time on assignments Encourage alternate forms of presentation,
e.g. spoken instead of written Encourage risk-taking
Learning Strategies for Students: Learning Disability Involve students in setting goals for
completion of workUse manipulatives, visuals and lots of
hands-on activities
Learning Strategies for Students: Learning DisabilityAdaptive technologySQ4R and Kurzweil 3000GRADES and textHELPSQ3R Survey, Question, Read, Recite,
ReviewPARS Preview, Ask questions, Read,
Summarize for younger students
Learning Strategies for Students: Learning Disability REAP Read, Encode, Annotate, Ponder ReQuest reciprocal questioning Teacher
and student take turns asking questions on initial sentences in a selection prior to reading and to base reading activities on anticipated questions. Person responding to questions has book closed.
Learning Strategies for Students: Learning DisabilityRAP Read, Ask questions, ParaphrasePlan, Write and Revise Opinion EssaysSNAP See problem, Name plan, Act on
plan, Pat on backSRE Scaffolded reading experienceTime management
Learning Strategies for Students: Learning DisabilityCOPS Capitalization, Overall
appearance, Punctuation, Spelling and Sentence Structure
TOWER Think, Order ideas, Write, Edit, Rewrite for writing assignments
Learning Strategies for Students: Learning DisabilityLook at the pictureThink about the storyTry a word. Does it sound like one you
know?Read the whole sentence-go back and
try a word. Does it make sense?
Strategies for Reading Unknown or Forgotten WordsLook at 1. The first letters 2. The middle letters 3. The ending If you still can’t get the word quickly
keep reading. It is not necessary to read every word
all of the time.
SPECOSpellingPunctuation, : ? ! ” ”Endings, s, es, ed, d, ingCapitalsOmitted (words left out)
SPECOWrite SPECO at bottom of pagePlace a checkmark above each letter in
SPECOTeacher may assign all or part of
SPECOTeacher marks work for errors and
makes a notation below appropriate letters or in the margin beside the error
Learning Strategies for Students: Learning DisabilitySCORER strategy for test-takingSchedule timeLook for Clue wordsOmit difficult questionsRead carefullyEstimate answersReview the work
SQRQCQ assists with word problems in Math Survey of the word problem what Question is being asked Read problem more carefully Question processes required for answer Compute answer Question again to check answer
Learning Strategies for Learning Strategies for Students: Learning DisabilityStudents: Learning Disability
Problem SolvingStudy the problem. Read it-underline
the questionOrganize the facts-underline the factsLine up a plan-write down the factsVerify your plan-with a (= - x /)
computationExamine your answer-check your
computation
Study Skills ProgramSet specific goalsKnow individual strengths to select and
modify strategiesKnow what motivates studentsExplain and demonstrateProvide opportunities for continued
practice and guided instruction
Teaching Strategies to improve academic/social life Incidental teaching-explain a lesson due to
conflict in classroom Analyzing an incident and explain alternatives Coaching emotional response-explain and
handle emotions Peer tutoring Collaborative teaching-cooperative learning
and problem solving TTYPA-making connections with a partner
Teaching Strategies to improve academic/social lifePartners thinking aloud-one student is
problem-solver and the other is monitorCooperative learning
Strategies for Self-Advocacy Self-awareness: aware of strengths and
weaknesses Career exploration: possible career choices Self-advocacy: communicate needs, interest,
desires and rights Self-determination: set goals/make choices
and reach them to the best of their ability
Continuum of AccommodationsValid Develop test-taking skills Individual administrationEnhanced instructionsPhysical accommodationsLarge print Braille
Continuum of AccommodationsPossibly validExtended timeEliminating biased itemsReading content questionsExaminer aid Calculator for math problemsUsing a scribe
Continuum of Accommodations InvalidReading reading-test questionsEliminating difficult itemsChanging test contentPracticing with exact testCalculator for math factsNon-authored test responses
Range of Test Accommodations
Range of Test Accommodations
Range of Test AccommodationsPosttest Accommodations I
Alternative scores
Predicted scores
Using local norms Using special norms
Content interpretation Revised scoring
Response analysis Modified grading
I
Sources for Determining Test Accommodation Needs
Observational/Anecdotal Sources
Classroom teacher Resource teacher
School psychologist Specialists (reading)
Occupational/Physical therapist
Guidance counselor
Administrator
Assistants Parents Student
Test Accommodation Questions Is location easily accessible?Are facilities adequate?Are oral instructions easily heard? Is lighting conducive to testing? Is student able to see/hear examiner? Is student able to function
independently?
Test Accommodation QuestionsDoes student seem motivated?Can student cope with frustration?Does student attend to instructions and
task?Are instructions understood?Reasonable level of energy?Test format clear, easy to follow?
Test Accommodation QuestionsTask required clear/easy to follow?Difficulty level appropriate?Student able to answer without aids?Language mode (reading) suitable?Considers entire item and all choices? Immediate responses after item
presentation?
Test Accommodation QuestionsAble to perform response required?Sufficient time?Can the test norms be used with this
student?
Hierarchy of Test AccommodationsNo accommodationTesting adaptationsTesting modificationsAlternative testingTest exemption
Sources for Determining Test Accommodation NeedsAssessments:Group achievement testsPsychological tests, Specialized tests Standards tests, Classroom tests Diagnostic Tests and InventoriesWide-range assessmentsCBM, Portfolios
Minimal-impact AidsMagnificationHearing amplificationReading aids e.g. adaptive technologyWriting aids
Response AidsExaminer recorded responseExaminer interpreted responseWord processorSynthesized speechAdaptive technology
Problem-solving AidsExaminer helpUsing calculatorsSpellchecker,etc.Speech recognitionManipulatives, tables, number linesReference materials
Response Accommodations Types of Test Accommodation Equipment
Abacus Enlarged keyboard Ruler Adaptive firmware card Expanded keyboard Screen enlarger Adjustable keyboard Felt-tip pens Sensor switches Adjustable workstations Friction pads Sound buffer Alternate computer keyboard Head controlled mouse Special chairs Alternative communication Headphones Special tables device Keyboard overlay Special lamps Batteries (extra) Keyboard guards Special desks Bold-lined paper Kurzweil reader Speech synthesizer Bookstands Language master Stylus Braille Rulers Large print clock Switchboard Braille paper Large display calculator Switches Braille Eraser Letter board Talking calculator Braille slates Letter/language board Talking typewriter Braille 'n Speak Light talker Tape recorder Braille number line ) Mouse adaptations Text-to-speech software Brown Glaze Paper for Number line Touch 'n Talk Calculator Optacon Touch Window Cassette foot/pedal switch Optical scanner Turntable desk Cassette tapes Page marker Trackball devices Closed circuit television Page turner Tread switches . Color transparency Paper holder Type 'n Speak Communication board Pencil holder Typewriter Computer notebook Perkins Brailler Ultravisor screen Computer Placemarkers Unicorn keyboard Computer switch interface Power pad Vaporizer Crammer abacus Raised lined paper Variable intensity lamp Dehumidifier paper Raised print clock Visor cap Echo synthesizer Reading stands Voice activated systems Embossed paper Reading windows