learning operant conditioning. operant behavior operates (acts) on environment produces...
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Learning
Operant Conditioning
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Operant Conditioning
Operant Behavior operates (acts) on environment produces consequences
Respondent Behavior occurs as an automatic
response to stimulus behavior learned through
classical conditioning
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Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning type of learning in which behavior is
strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment
Law of Effect Thorndike’s principle that behaviors
followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
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Operant Conditioning
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) elaborated
Thorndike’s Law of Effect
developed behavioral technology
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Operant Chamber
Skinner Box chamber with a
bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcer
contains devices to record responses
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Operant Conditioning
Reinforcer any event that strengthens the
behavior it follows Shaping
operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goal
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Operant Conditioning
Positive Strengthens behavior by
presenting a positive stimulus (something desired)
Negative Strengthens behavior by
removing an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus
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Principles of Reinforcement
Primary Reinforcer innately reinforcing stimulus i.e., satisfies a biological need
Secondary Reinforcer stimulus that gains its reinforcing
power through its association with primary reinforcer
Learned reinforcement
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Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement reinforcing the desired response each
time it occurs Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part of the time
results in slower acquisition greater resistance to extinction
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Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed Ratio (FR) reinforces a response only after a
specified number of responses faster you respond the more
rewards you get very high rate of responding like piecework pay
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Schedules of Reinforcement
Variable Ratio (VR) reinforces a response after an
unpredictable number of responses
like gambling, fishing very hard to extinguish because of
unpredictability High rate of response
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Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed Interval (FI) reinforces a response only after
a specified time has elapsed response occurs more
frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws near
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Schedules of Reinforcement
Variable Interval (VI) reinforces a response at
unpredictable time intervals produces slow steady responding like pop quiz, busy phone
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Schedules of Reinforcement
Variable Interval
Number of responses
1000
750
500
250
010 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time (minutes)
Fixed Ratio
Variable Ratio
Fixed Interval
Steady responding
Rapid respondingnear time forreinforcement
80
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Punishment
Punishment aversive event that
decreases the behavior that it follows
powerful controller of unwanted behavior
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Drawbacks to Punishment
Punished behavior is suppressed, not forgotten. People will continue to perform the act of punishment is avoidable.
Punishment models behavior used to punish.Punishment suppresses unwanted behavior,
but does not teach desired behaviorWhen punishment is unpredictable and
inescapable, helplessness and depression may occur.
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Reinforcement vs. Punishment
Something wanted
Something not wanted
Given to you
Positive Reinforcement
Positive Punishment
Taken from you
Negative Punishment
Negative Reinforcement
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Cognition and Operant Conditioning
Cognitive Map mental representation of the layout of
one’s environment Example: after exploring a maze, rats
act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it
Latent Learning learning that occurs, but is not
apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
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Cognition and Operant Conditioning
Cognitive Process: Organism is an information seeker using
relations among events to form its own adaptive representation of the world.
How much does the first event predict the second
Predictability Expectancy
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Cognition and Operant Conditioning
Overjustification Effect the effect of promising a reward
for doing what one already likes to do
the person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task
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Cognition and Operant Conditioning
Intrinsic Motivation Desire to perform a behavior for
its own sake and to be effective Extrinsic Motivation
Desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishments
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Operant vs Classical Conditioning