McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Effective Leadership Effective Leadership ProcessesProcesses

Chapter ThirteenChapter Thirteen

Learning Objectives

• Define leadership.• Present the background and classic studies of

leadership.

• Discuss the traditional theories of leadership, including the trait, group and exchange, contingency, and path-goal approaches.

• Identify modern theoretical processes for leadership, such as charismatic, transformational, social cognitive, substitutes, and now authentic leadership.

• Examine leadership across cultures giving special attention to the GLOBE project.

Introduction

• Leadership is the focus and conduit of most of the other areas of organizational behavior

What is Leadership?

• Has been controversial in terms of its definition– Leadership does remain pretty much of a

“black box,” or unexplainable concept.

What is Leadership? Continued

• Characteristics of managers versus leaders

Historically Important Studies on Leadership

• Iowa leadership studies– Designed primarily to examine patterns of

aggressive behavior• Ohio State leadership studies

– Started with the premise that no satisfactory definition of leadership existed

• Early Michigan leadership studies– Studies of leadership

Traditional Theories of Leadership

• Trait theories of leadership– Five-factor model: “Big Five” personality traits

• From traits to states and skills development– Focused on skill development besides traits

Traditional Theories of Leadership Continued

• Group and exchange theories of leadership– Followers’ impact on leaders– Leader-member exchange (LMX) model

Traditional Theories of Leadership Continued

• Three domains of leadership– Leader-based– Follower-based– Relationship-based

Traditional Theories of Leadership Continued

• Contingency theory of leadership– Fielder’s contingency model of leadership

effectiveness• Leader-member relationship• Degree of task structure• Leader’s position power

Traditional Theories of Leadership Continued

– Fielder’s contingency model of leadership effectiveness (continued)

Traditional Theories of Leadership Continued

• Contingency theory of leadership (continued)

– Research support for the contingency model• Methodologically sound validation studies have on

the whole provided substantial support for the theory

– Fielder’s contingency theory in perspective• First highly visible leadership theory• Emphasized the importance of both the situation

and characteristics• Stimulated a great deal of research

Traditional Theories of Leadership Continued

• Path-goal leadership theory– Directive leadership– Supportive leadership– Participative leadership– Achievement-oriented leadership

Traditional Theories of Leadership Continued

• Path-goal leadership theory (continued)

Modern Theoretical Processes of Leadership

• Charismatic leadership theories

Modern Theoretical Processes of Leadership Continued

• Transformational leadership theory

Modern Theoretical Processes of Leadership Continued

• Social cognitive approach

Modern Theoretical Processes of Leadership Continued

• Substitutes for leadership

– Subordinate characteristics

– Task characteristics

– Organizational characteristics

Modern Theoretical Processes of Leadership Continued

• Authentic leadership

Modern Theoretical Processes of Leadership Continued

• Leadership across cultures– Personal Values– Backgrounds of the managers– Interpersonal skills

Modern Theoretical Processes of Leadership Continued

• Project GLOBE and the future of international leadership studies– Identified cultural dimension

• Power distance• Uncertainty avoidance• Humane orientation• Institutional Collectivism• In-Group Collectivism• Assertiveness• Gender egalitarianism• Future orientation• Performance orientation

Modern Theoretical Processes of Leadership Continued

• Project GLOBE and the future of international leadership studies (continued)

– Six leader attributes• Charismatic/ value-base• Team-oriented• Participative• Humane-oriented• Autonomous• Self-protective

Questions