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Learning Objectives. Welcome to class of Export Import Practices Dr. Satyendra Singh. Learning Objectives. Objectives:. Explain why firms export and problem areas of exporting Identify the sources of export counseling and support Discuss the meaning of the various terms of sale. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Learning Objectives
Welcome to class of
Export Import Practices
Dr. Satyendra Singh
Learning Objectives
Identify some sources of export financing
Describe the activities of a foreign freight forwarder
Understand the kinds of export documents required
Identify import sources
Explain why firms export and problem areas of exporting
Identify the sources of export counseling and support
Discuss the meaning of the various terms of sale
Objectives:
Why Export?
• Reasons to export– To serve markets where the firm has no or limited
production facilities– To satisfy a host government’s requirement that the local
subsidiary have exports– To remain price-competitive in the home market– To test foreign markets and foreign competition
inexpensively
Reasons to export?
– To offset domestic market’s cyclical sales – To achieve additional sales– To extend a product’s life cycle– To respond strategically to foreign competitors– To achieve the success the firm’s management has
seen others achieve– To improve the efficiency of manufacturing equipment
Reasons not to Export• Two major reasons
– Preoccupation with the vast American market – Reluctance to become involved in a new, unknown and therefore risky
operation
• Not active in international markets due to– Lack of knowledge
• Locating foreign markets• Payment and financing procedures• Export procedures
Sources of Export Counseling
• Trade Information Center (TIC)– The federal government has to set this up as a first stop for
information– Visit http://www.edc.ca
• International Trade Administration (ITA)– Offers a wide range of export promotion activities that include
• Market Access and Compliance (MAC)• Trade Development• U.S. and Foreign Commercial Services (US&FCS)
Sources of Export Counseling
• Small Business Administration (SBA)– The office of International Trade of the SBA works
through• Small Business Administration offices• Score Program• Small Business Development Centers• Centers for International Business Education and
Research (CIBERs)
Show and Sell
• Trade events to facilitate international trade– U.S. pavilions– Trade missions– Product literature center– Reverse trade missions
Export Marketing Plan
• Essentially same as domestic marketing plan
• Specific about– Markets to be developed– Marketing strategy for serving them– Tactics to make the strategy operational
Terms of Sale…
• INCOTERMS – Universal trade terminology developed by
the International Chamber of Commerce– Ex-Works
• Risk passes at factory door• US equivalent: FOB (free on board)
Terms of Sale
– FAS• Free alongside ship, port of call
– CIF• Cost, insurance, freight, foreign port
– CFR• cost and freight, foreign port
– DAF• Delivered at frontier
Payment Procedures…
• Payment terms offered by exporters to foreign buyers– Cash in advance
• When credit standing of the buyer unknown or uncertain
– Open account• When sale is made on open account
– Seller assumes payment risk– Offered to reliable customers in economically stable countries
Payment Procedures…
– Consignment • Goods shipped to buyer; payment made when sold• Payment risk assumed by seller
– Letter of credit (L/C)• Document issued by buyer’s bank
– Promise to pay seller specified amount when bank has received documents stipulated in letter of credit
Payment Procedures
• Letter of credit• Confirmed L/C
– Correspondent bank in seller’s country agrees to honor issuing bank’s L/C
• Irrevocable L/C– Once the seller has accepted L/C, buyer cannot alter
or cancel it without seller’s consent
CFR Cost, Freight, Foreign Port; FAS Free Along Side leave it there after clearing for exportFOB Seller will load on board after clearing for export (Cost and risk shared INCOTERMS 2010)FCA Free Carrier – clear for export and handover to named carrierCPT Carriage Paid To – seller pays – named place of deliveryDEQ/DES Delivered Ex Quay/Ship – named port of deliveryDDP/DDU Delivered Duty Paid/unpaid ; EXW Just keep outside/warehouseCIF insurance for maritime; DES CIF + insurance for goods as well
In 2010, eliminated!DES, DAF, DEQ, DDU
Letter of Credit Transaction
Documents
• Air Waybill– A bill of lading issued by an air carrier
• Pro Forma Invoice– Exporter’s formal quotation: description of the
merchandise, price, delivery time, method of shipment, ports of exit and entry, and terms of sale
Export Financing…
• Private Source – Commercial Banks– Banker’s acceptance
• Time draft with maturity of less than 270 days that has been accepted by the bank on which the draft was drawn, thus becoming the accepting bank’s obligation; may be bought and sold at a discount in the financial markets like other commercial paper
– Factoring• Discounting an account receivable without recourse
Export Financing…
– Forfeiting• Purchasing without recourse an account receivable
whose credit terms are longer than the 90 to 180 days usual in factoring; unlike factoring, political and transfer risks are borne by the forfeiter
Export Financing
• Public Sources– Export-Import Bank (Ex-Imbank)
• Principal government agency that aids American exporters by means of loans, guarantees, and insurance programs
– Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC)• U.S. government corporation that offers American investors in
developing countries insurance against expropriation, currency inconvertibility, and damages from wars and revolutions
Other Public Incentives
• Foreign Trade Zone– Duty-free area designed to facilitate trade by reducing the
effect of customs restrictions
• Free Trade Zone– An area designated by the government as outside its customs
territory
• Customs drawback– Rebate on customs duties
Export Procedures
• Foreign freight forwarders act as agents for exporters– Prepare documents– Book space– Offer advice about
• Markets• Regulations• Transportation• Packing
– Supply cargo insurance
Official Procedures for Importing and Exporting
Shipping Documents…
• Shipper’s Export Declaration– U.S. Department of Commerce form to control
export shipments and record export statistics
• Validated export license– Document issued by the U.S. government
authorizing export of strategic commodity or shipment to unfriendly country
• General Export License– Covers export commodities for which validated
license not required; no formal application required
Shipping Documents
• Export Bill of Lading– Contract of carriage between shipper and carrier:
straight bill of lading is nonnegotiable; endorsed “to order” bill gives holder claim on merchandise
• Insurance Certificate
Collection Documents
• Commercial invoice• Include origin of goods, export packing marks, and clause stating goods will not be
transshipped
– Consular invoice• Purchased from the consul and prepared in local language
– Certificate of origin• Issued by local Chamber of Commerce
– Inspection certificate• Frequently required for grain, food, live animals
Export Shipments…
Containers Reduce theft and handling costs
LASH (lighter aboard ship) Barges for shallow inland waterways
RO-RO (roll on-roll off) Can drive onto vessel
Air Freight Can arrive in one day
Sea-Air Total Cost Comparison, Shipment and Spare Parts
Air Freight
• Total cost may decrease• Either the firm or the product may be air-
dependent• The market may be perishable• Competitive position may be strengthened
Importing
• Ways to identify import sources– If similar imported products are already in the market, visit a
retailer and examine the product label
– If the product is not being imported, call the nearest consul or embassy of that country
– Use the electronic bulletin boards of the World Trade Centers
Customhouse Broker
• Independent business that handles import shipments • Acts as agent for importer
– Customhouse broker brings goods through customs– May arrange transportation for goods after they leave
customs– Need to know when imports are subject to import quotas
and how much of the quota has been filled
Importing
• Bonded warehouse– Area authorized by customs for storage of goods on which
payment of import duties is deferred until goods are removed
• Automated Commercial System (ACS)– Used to track, control, and process all commercial goods
imported into U.S.
• Import Duties– Importer must know how U.S./Canada calculates import duties
• The Harmonized Tariff Schedule of U.S. (HTSUSA)– American version of the Harmonized System used worldwide to
classify imported products