learning, memory, thinking cognitive psychology. learning what is learning? from a psychologists...
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Learning, Memory, Thinking
Cognitive Psychology
Learning
What is learning?
From a psychologists perspective:
Learning: change in knowledge or behaviour as a result of experience.
Learning
In this case, did Hans really learn anything?
Learning
Kinds of Learning:
1) Conditioned Learning:
Acquiring patterns of behaviour in the presence of an environmental stimuli.
Most human behaviour is likely due to conditioning.
Learning
1)Conditioned Learning
A)Classical Conditioning: Pavlov
Transfer a natural response from one stimulus to another.
US UR
US +CS UR
CS CR
LearningPavlov Dog Experiment
Learning
In this case, what was the:
Unconditioned Stimulus?
Unconditioned Response?
Conditioned Stimulus?
Conditioned Response?
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LearningExample: Little Albert
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0FKZAYt77ZM&feature=related
Learning
Watson: Little Albert
In this case, what was the:
Unconditioned Stimulus?
Unconditioned Response?
Conditioned Stimulus?
Conditioned Response?
Learning
• Generalization: a person learns a response to a particular stimulus then makes the same response to similar stimuli.
• Extinction: gradual disappearance of an acquired response by the absence of the unconditioned stimulus.
Learning
B) Operant Conditioning: Skinner
Using reinforcement to control behaviour.
Positive Reinforcement: Event, situation, or condition that increases the likelihood that a certain behaviour will recur.
Negative Reinforcement: Event, situation, or condition that decreases the likelihood that a certain behaviour will recur.
Learning
Example: Skinner Boxhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PQtDTdDr8vs
LearningConditioned taste avoidance
Example: Blue jay
Learning
So what?
Pigeons have been trained using the Skinner box to peck when they see orange.
Trained pigeons used for search and rescue.
Learning
So what?
Slot machines employ a variable-ratio reward system.
Reinforcement is given after a variable number of responses centered around an average.
Learning
Discipline:
Research had found that rewards are more effective than punishment on changing behaviour.
What do you think?
Learning
2) Observational Learning
Many skills are required by first watching someone else complete it first.
LearningBandura identified four processes key to observational learning
Attention: Must first pay attention to the behavior of others.
Retention: Store a representation of what you observe.
Reproduction: Convert stored memory to action.
Motivation: Motivated to practice skill.
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LearningObservational Learning and Violence
Bobo Dollhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hHHdovKHDNU