LearningLearning

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Conditioned LearningConditioned Learning Definition: Acquiring patterns of Definition: Acquiring patterns of

behaviour in the presence of an behaviour in the presence of an environmental stimulusenvironmental stimulus i.e. learning to respond to a particular i.e. learning to respond to a particular

stimulus in a particular waystimulus in a particular way Two types:Two types:

Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning

Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning Key figure: Ivan PavlovKey figure: Ivan Pavlov Pavlov’s dogPavlov’s dog Involves learning to transfer a natural response Involves learning to transfer a natural response

from one stimulus to anotherfrom one stimulus to another Sounded bell right before giving the dog foodSounded bell right before giving the dog food Initially, the food caused the dogs to salivateInitially, the food caused the dogs to salivate Eventually the dogs salivated at the sound of Eventually the dogs salivated at the sound of

the bell alonethe bell alone

Classic Conditioning another Classic Conditioning another ExampleExampleTelephone RingingTelephone Ringing Conversation with FriendConversation with Friend

HappinessHappiness(CS)(CS) (UCS)(UCS) (UCR) (UCR)

Telephone RingingTelephone Ringing HappinessHappiness (CS)(CS) (CR) (CR)

(CS) – Conditioned Stimulus(CS) – Conditioned Stimulus(UCS) – Unconditioned Stimulus(UCS) – Unconditioned Stimulus(UCR) – Unconditioned Response(UCR) – Unconditioned Response(CR) – Conditoned Response(CR) – Conditoned Response

Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning An unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is An unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is

paired with a conditioned stimulus (CS) paired with a conditioned stimulus (CS) to turn an unconditioned response to turn an unconditioned response (UCR) to a conditioned response (CR)(UCR) to a conditioned response (CR)

1.1. UCSUCS UCRUCR2.2. UCS + CSUCS + CS UCRUCR3.3. CSCS CRCR

Stimulus or Response?Stimulus or Response? A flashing lightA flashing light Answering this practice exerciseAnswering this practice exercise A stop signA stop sign An ant crawling on your armAn ant crawling on your arm VomitingVomiting CoughingCoughing Seeing and then smelling a piece of chocolate cakeSeeing and then smelling a piece of chocolate cake LaughingLaughing Screaming Screaming A feather tickling your armA feather tickling your arm

Identify the US, UR, CS, and CR in the following examples.

The overhead in Ms. D’s lab has a short circuit and gives her a shock every time she touches it. After a while Ms. D hesitates every time she is about to touch the overhead.

John gets hungry every time he goes into the kitchen.

Tom hates the sight of cats, because he is allergic to them

Your dog comes running every time he hears the can opener

Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning Key figure: BF SkinnerKey figure: BF Skinner Wondered if Pavlov’s idea of stimulus response

could explain more complex human behaviour Skinner realized that most behaviour is not the result Skinner realized that most behaviour is not the result

of the pairing of unrelated stimuliof the pairing of unrelated stimuli Skinner put a rat in a cage that had a bar that, when Skinner put a rat in a cage that had a bar that, when

pushed, would drop a food pellet into the cagepushed, would drop a food pellet into the cage The rat randomly pushed the bar and got foodThe rat randomly pushed the bar and got food The next time it pushed the bar, it got more foodThe next time it pushed the bar, it got more food Eventually it pushed the bar constantly, knowing it would get Eventually it pushed the bar constantly, knowing it would get

foodfood

Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning Using rewards to reinforce behaviours, and Using rewards to reinforce behaviours, and

punishments to discourage them – the process of punishments to discourage them – the process of changing behaviour by following a response with changing behaviour by following a response with reinforcementreinforcement

Positive reinforcement: an event/condition that Positive reinforcement: an event/condition that increases the likelihood that a certain behaviour will increases the likelihood that a certain behaviour will reoccurreoccur

Negative reinforcement: an event/condition that Negative reinforcement: an event/condition that decreases the likelihood that a certain behaviour decreases the likelihood that a certain behaviour will reoccurwill reoccur

Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning Which do you think is more effective, Which do you think is more effective,

rewards, or punishment?rewards, or punishment?

Observational LearningObservational Learning Key Figure: Albert BanduraKey Figure: Albert Bandura

Believes strongly in NURTUREBelieves strongly in NURTURE Studied MODELING and IMITATINGStudied MODELING and IMITATING

Behaviour that is not conditioned, but Behaviour that is not conditioned, but repeated based on seeing someone else do itrepeated based on seeing someone else do it Think about playing sports, driving a car etc.Think about playing sports, driving a car etc.

Most of our early skills are learned through Most of our early skills are learned through observationobservation

Observational LearningObservational Learning

1.1. AttentionAttention: Paying attention to the behaviour : Paying attention to the behaviour of othersof others

2.2. RetentionRetention: Remembering what you’ve : Remembering what you’ve observed (how they did it, the result)observed (how they did it, the result)

3.3. ReproductionReproduction: Trying it yourself (practicing): Trying it yourself (practicing)4.4. MotivationMotivation: Believing that the skill is useful : Believing that the skill is useful

enough to practice (can be internal or enough to practice (can be internal or external)external)

MemoryMemory

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See if you can remember See if you can remember this:this:

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Draw the image on aDraw the image on aloonie from memoryloonie from memory

Can you remember the names Can you remember the names of all your teachers from grade of all your teachers from grade school?school?

MemoryMemory The capacity to acquire, retain, and recall The capacity to acquire, retain, and recall

knowledge and skillsknowledge and skills Episodic memory: remembering things Episodic memory: remembering things

from the pastfrom the past Semantic memory: knowledge of how the Semantic memory: knowledge of how the

world worksworld works Procedural memory: knowing how to do Procedural memory: knowing how to do

thingsthings

3 Levels of Memory3 Levels of Memory Sensory MemorySensory Memory

Based on 5 sensesBased on 5 senses Only recorded for a few seconds – once Only recorded for a few seconds – once

you’ve recorded the necessary information, you’ve recorded the necessary information, the sensory memory fadesthe sensory memory fades

Examples:Examples: Taste of sandwich in your mouthTaste of sandwich in your mouth Sight of a squirrel crossing the roadSight of a squirrel crossing the road Feel of chair against your backFeel of chair against your back

3 Levels of Memory3 Levels of Memory Short-term memoryShort-term memory

What’s going on in your conscious mind right What’s going on in your conscious mind right nownow

Holds information for 15-20 secondsHolds information for 15-20 seconds Most people can remember about 7 separate, Most people can remember about 7 separate,

unorganized items in short term memoryunorganized items in short term memory Can work with more if you organize it into Can work with more if you organize it into

groupsgroups Example: someone tells you their phone Example: someone tells you their phone

number and you punch it into your cell number and you punch it into your cell phonephone

3 Levels of Memory3 Levels of Memory Long-term MemoryLong-term Memory Which is easier to remember, the name of Which is easier to remember, the name of

a friend, or the name of the waiter at the a friend, or the name of the waiter at the last restaurant you dined at?last restaurant you dined at? If it’s important to you, you’ll remember itIf it’s important to you, you’ll remember it

Long-term memory is unlimited, but we Long-term memory is unlimited, but we not always be able to recall the not always be able to recall the informationinformation

3 Levels of Memory3 Levels of Memory Tricks to improving your long term Tricks to improving your long term

memory?memory? Ascribe personal meaningAscribe personal meaning Mnemonic deviceMnemonic device Recall items regularlyRecall items regularly OrganizationOrganization