learning effects jason counsel ed 6615. overview our beliefs questionable principles of multimedia...
TRANSCRIPT
Overview
Our beliefs Questionable principles of multimedia
learning 10 tenets for teachers of adding pictures-
to-text in multimedia
Our Beliefs
Question:
What has been the justification you have provided (for yourself or to others) for using web-based learning in your classrooms? • Does our optimism toward using multimedia
impair our judgement?
(Questionable) Principle #1:
Multimedia Instruction Produces More Learning than “Live” Instruction or
Older Media.
True or False? Always ask: What does the research say?
Questions to think about
Do you believe there may come a time when multimedia learning could have superior 'learning effects' compared to face-to-face learning? • If you believe it could, what would that
multimedia learning experience be like? How far away do you believe we are?
• If you believe media has no effect on learning, then why continue to evolve educative technology?
(Questionable) Principle #2
Multimedia Instruction Is More Motivating than Traditional
Instructional Media or Live Instructors
True or False? Always ask: What does the research say?
Question
How many people thought they would be more motivated to learn through multimedia?
• ... because it ‘suited your learning style’?
• … because you would have more instructor contact?
• … any other reasons?
Have you learned more in online classes than in classroom experiences? Why?
Question
What advice would you offer students who are about to start doing distance education courses based on the 'questionable' principles or the meta-analysis?
Questionable principles - Conclusion
Choose multimedia for the right reasons and base your reasons on sound research.
It is all of our responsibility as professionals to stay informed of the latest issues and trends; but don't jump on the 'next-best-thing' bandwagon without first looking for proof of the learning effects.
Pictures-in-Text
Pictures help students who are reading to learn (also listening to learn… more on that later)
Pictures serve 5 purposes in text:
Representational
Pillow lava is a common eruptive product of submarine volcanoes.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano
Organizational
Learning Effects
Our Beliefs
Questionable Principles
Guidelines formaximizing
student learning
PresentationOverview,Jason CounselMarch 5, 2007Ed 6615(better spoken)
Transformational
Jason and Elizabeth teach on the coast of Labrador. Jason enjoys basketball in his spare time, while Elizabeth enjoys her art projects. They enjoy a little time on the water whenever they can find it (the time and the water)
Media Effects?
Note that none of the purposes associated with pictures in text are
medium specific - so Clark's assertions still hold true.
Question
How many people have transformational pictures planned for their prototype? Organizational? Representational? Interpretational? and dare I ask, Decorational?
Bonus - which type of picture produced the greatest learning effects according to Carney and Levin’s research?
The 10 tenets of using pictures-in-text for teachers
1. Select pictures that overlap with text content. Learning benefits occur when pictures and text provide congruent, or supporting, information.
2. Easy-to-follow texts that are highly concrete and engaging will not need pictures
3. Prerequisite basic reading skills are required 4. Choose pictures with an eye toward the desired
functions (representational, organizational, interpretational, transformational).
5. In general, the more complex the text, the more likely that pictures are helpful
The 10 Tenets (cont…)
6. For maximum learning benefits, direct students to do something with the picture that yields a controllable product
7. Computer software that uses integrated or pop-up displays may be more effective than those using split displays in which the picture and text appear in separated locations on the screen.
8. Consider students’ individual learning styles. 9. Pictures in texts may not always be perfect or
achieve the desired learning outcome10. Consider the use of transformational pictures as
pictorial adjunct aids to text.
4 Effects a multimedia effect --> add pictures to
words a coherence effect --> exclude extraneous
material a spatial contiguity effect --> keep
corresponding words close to the pictures, and be careful not to overload working memory
a personalization effect --> use a conversational style
Important Points
A basic requirement in multimedia learning situations is that learners be able to hold corresponding visual and verbal representations in working memory at the same time. Instructional methods that enable this condition are likely to be effective across media environments.
Media environments do not cause learning, cognitive processing by the learner causes learning.
Question
With 10 tenets, 7 C's, and 4 effects, how do we keep it all straight? Where should we focus our attention and efforts in order to be successful?
Question
Based on anything you've read, is there another tenet or effect that you think teachers/instructional designers should keep in mind? Hint: think SSF model
Question
What are the differences and similarities between the cognitive model for multimedia learning shared in Mayer and the model presented in Mann's 'Evolution' article?
ReferencesBernard, R.M., Lou, Y., & Abrami, P.C. (2002). Comparing distance
education and traditional instruction: An "In-progress" meta-analysis of the empirical literature. Concordia University website.
Carney, R., & Levin, J. (2002). Pictorial illustrations still improve students’ learning from text. Educational Psychology Review, 14(1).
Clark, R.E. & Feldon, D.F. (2005). Five common but questionable principles of multimedia learning. In Mayer, R. (Ed.) Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning. (pp 1-23). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mann, B.L. (2007). The evolution of multimedia sound, Computers and Education: An International Journal, 48,(4).
Mayer, R. (2003). The promise of multimedia learning: using the same instructional design methods across different media, Learning and Instruction 13 125–139.
See http://www.k12.nf.ca/williamgillett/index.php/MUN6615/ for more
information