learning drama

8/10/2019 Learning Drama

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LEARNING DRAMA

AS PART OFLITERARY

APPRECIATION

BY : A. A. ISTRI YUDHI PRAMAWATI, S.S., M.Hum


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AREA OF DISCUSSIONINTRODUCTION

THE NATURE OF DRAMA A WORK OF LITERATURE OR A COMPOSITION WHICH DELINEATES

LIFE AND HUMAN ACTIVITY BY PRESENTENTING VARIOUS ACTIONS OF AND DIALOGUES BETWEEN A GROUP OF

CHARACTERS THE HISTORY OF DRAMA- DRAMA IN THE MIDDLE AGES- 15 TH (FIFTEENTH) CENTURY- ELIZABETHAN DRAMA- RESTORATION AND 18 TH (EIGHTEENTH) CENTURY DRAMA- 19 TH (NINETEENTH) CENTURY DRAMA

- 20 TH (TWENTIETH) CENTURY DRAMA

DEFINING THE PLAYDRAMATIC STRUCTURE

- CLASSICAL TRAGIC STRUCTURE : RISING ACTION,CLIMAX,FALLING ACTION, CATASTROPHE

CHARACTERS AND CHARACTERIZATIONLANGUANGE AND RHETORIC


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Drama????? Acting Script Art Actor and actressDirector

Dialogue, Music, Setting, stageComedy

TragedyRomantic

Thriller ActionLove story


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Key words

Dialogue Acting Actor and ActressPerformance

ArtLighting

ThemeNarrationCharacter = pelaku, watak, peran, tokoh


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Key terms

Drama = playDramatist = playwright

Audience = Spectator


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Literature and Drama

Two aspects of literary study(Robert Huntington Fletcher):

- Tracing in general way, we can learn about the sociallife- Getting some acquaintance with the lives (of the

more important authors)

Literature : SubstanceForm


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Kind of Literature

Laurence Perrine (literature: structure, soundand sense)

- Pleasure & enjoyment = Escape

- Interpretation = Interpretation


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Kind of Literature

Escape LiteratureInterpretive Literature

Prose

PoemDrama


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THE NATURE OF DRAMADrama is like prose fiction, utilizes plot and characters develops a theme, arouses emotionor appeals to humor and may be either escapist or interpretive in its dealings with life.Like a poetry, it may draw upon all the resources of language, including verse. Muchdrama is poetry, but drama has one characteristic peculiar to itself. It is written primarilyto be performed, not read. It normally presents its action:

1. through actors2. on a stage3. before an audience

Drama is a work of literature or a composition which delineates life and human activity bymeans of presenting various actions of and dialogues between- a group of characters

Drama is designed to be presented on stage. There are a few plays which are basicallydesigned for reading rather than for theatrical performance and these are referred to ascloset dramas

Drama is also entertainment for it is more than representation of life and charactersthrough actions and dialogues


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THE HISTORY OF DRAMA Why should we

learn the history of drama?


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THE HISTORY OF DRAMABecause we want to know how drama appear as an

entertaining kind and to make the function of dramaclearBecause drama tells the story of someone s life andhis/her characters so that the audience is able to learnthe moral values.

To understand what drama is and to know the first time when drama is performed.

To know the development of drama since the first timeit was published until today Because from drama we can learn something regardinglife and its complexities


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THE HISTORY OF DRAMA

First of all, the history shows how the instinct

for dramatic representation finds its outlets. Itmeans that the history records how an idea of adramatist is, then, shaped into a great work. It is

interesting to know how the idea is transferredand meets its fame.


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Lastly, the investigation of the history throwssome light on the themes and conventions oflater drama. The various themes may rise fromdifferent views on particular things.


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THE HISTORY OF DRAMA When we speak of drama as a genre we must be aware of the different formsthat genre has adopted over several thousand years. William Butler Yeast feltthat drama is the epitome of all the arts

The beginningIt is commenced with religious celebration: out of the various pagan rites andfestivals arose the earliest dramas of an entertaining kind, specifically Greek

Tragedy and Greek Comedy

Greek TragedyFrom the very start GT addressed itself to serious dimensions of life and humancharacters, the standards defined by Aristotle in his famous poetics. For him, usuallythere was to be a central character with some particular tragic flaw ( hamartia). That is acharacter is led into despair, death or misery through some sort of error, either in himselfor in his action: the most often cited flaw is hubris, which means excessive, selfdestructive pride.

The Basic Idea of Geek Tragedy- the man learns from suffering- the experience of suffering often leads into new and enlarged awareness of

both self and existence- the audience should be purged of both pity and fear by time the tragedy comes to

an end


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Greek Comedy Also developed out of early religious celebration specifically from Dionysianrites of fertility, phallic ceremoniesDivided into: Old comedy, middle comedy, new comedy

- Old comedy : a great deal of boisterous commenton affairs of state through political satire.- Middle comedy has no surviving examples- New comedy : deals with romantic

situations

Roman Comedy :New comedy exemplified by Menander was greatly imitated by the

Roman Comedy writers, in particular by Plautus and Terence


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Greek tragedy VS Greekcomedy..

The events The subject matters

The mood and emotion The characters


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DRAMA IN THE MIDDLE AGES15 TH CENTURY

ELIZABETHAN PERIODRESTORATION AND 18 TH CENTURY DRAMA19 TH CENTURY20 TH CENTURY


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I. DRAMA IN THE MIDDLE AGES

Medieval drama was established as a secular

entertainment (related to certain church services)Gradually the presentation were moved from thechurch to the outdoorsReligious play based on certain events in biblical history

The story of man and the life of Christ became themain subject of all medieval drama


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II. FIFTEENTH (15 TH ) CENTURY

MORALITY PLAYS AND INTERLUDES

PRESENTED ON STAGE BY ACTORS IN BIZARRE COSTUMES

THE MORALITY PLAYS LED SLOWLY INTO THE CREATION OFINTERLUDES WHICH WERE RELATIVELY SHORT DRAMAS BRIEFENOUGH TO BE PRESENTED IN BETWEEN THE OTHER EVENTS ATFEASTS, ENTERTAINMENT

THE INTERLUDES WERE EXTREMELY POPULAR AND OFTENCONSISTED OF A DIALOGUE BETWEEN ONLY TWO CHARACTERS


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III. ELIZABETHAN PERIOD

By the late of sixteenth century, Elizabethan Dramahad become the best in the history of drama

People from various professions begin writing playsBeginning of new kinds of plays, the romanticcomedies, the revenge and murder drama

The period of unbelievable number of new and talentedplaywrightIntroduced a whole galaxy of new kinds of seculardrama, many of which survive to the present day


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IV. RESTORATION AND 18 TH CENTURY DRAMA

Heroic plays became extremely popular

Heroic drama was a kind of tragedy or tragicomedycharacterized by excesses-violence, explosive, dialogues,greatly tormented character element of spectacle and

various epic dimensions

The born of comedy of manners which usuallyconcerned with the manners and customs of verysynthetic or artificial highbrow society


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V. Nineteenth (19 th) CenturyMelodrama with excessive emotionalism

A revived interest in more serious drama like that of Elizabethan period

VI. Twentieth (20 th) Century

Under the leadership of Irish drama

Problem plays and domestic tragediesNew kind of rebellious drama


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Defining the play The actor The theme The characters The plot The point of view : 1st person,3rd person, The content of the storyKind of story

Setting The scriptDurationStageCostume

AudienceLightingSound systemPlace


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Defining The Play

The Physical World Of The Play The Central Theme

CharactersPlotSources

StyleOutstanding Features of The Play


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Defining The Play

Plot

A brief synopsis of the major action of the drama in question sothat the characters relationships will become clarified by reference to themain events of the play (what actually happens that shows correlationbetween the action and the theme, how does the action translate intomeaning

SourcesIt refers to the place where the play story was covered


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Defining The Play

StyleDealing with the language used. The general category of style includes

diction, the use of figurative language, patterns of imagery, rhetorical devices,emphasis and even logic. Whether the play is written in ornate or plain style, as

well as whether the dialogue is mostly in the vernacular or is formal, is rhymed orunrhymed.

Outstanding feature of the play

Any aspects of a play which is conspicuous in some sense


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dRaMatic StRucTurEStructure refers to the total organization of a literary

work. It is a summary of the full scheme of plan of the work. The analysis of structure is twofold:

outlining the way in which the play is put together and why theplaywright chose a particular way of assembling the events of the play

Classical Tragic Structure

One of the most dominating theories of structure is that which classicallypertained to tragedies for a tragedy deals with conflict, ancient, critics,

thought of the plays as tying and untying knots. The structure of the playdivided into four large categories.


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Four catagories of classical tragic structure

1. Rising action2. Climax3. Falling Action4. Catastrophe

(Chistopher Russel Reaske)


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Rising actionRising action is the entire first part of the play in which the forcescreating conflict are delineated, enlarged and prepared for somedisaster. It is the introduction or exposition, a short section directlyin the beginning in which we are made acquainted with certainfacts, usually pertaining to event which have occured before thebeginning of the time of the play

Climax The end of rising action, for it constitutes major turning point inthe play


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Falling actionIt follows climax and usually presents the waysin which the hero is slowly over powered

Catastrophe The main action of the play or a logical result ofthe rising and falling action


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CharactersCharacter is a fictitious creation and thus the dramatist or novelist may both be judged with

regard to their ability in the art of characterization

Character in action The different character of one another can be observed closely by the actions presented We learn a great deal about the characters in a play by closely observing their actions. Weask, primarily, why a character does what he does and conclude that it must be because he is

a certain kind of person

Character determining plot The plot develops out the character themselves. The plot with all of its small episodes andincidents, its complications and simplification is motored by the natures of the characters


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NUMBERS OF CHARACTERSIn analyzing drama, one must pay some immediate attention tothe number of characters in the play

Major Character : Active Character : CentralMinor Character : Passive Character : Supporting

Major Character : Characters who are developed extensivelyand has a large role in the playMinor Character : Characters who are not fully developed andonly has a small role in the play

Basic Character RoleProtagonist : The main character in the plot of any drama. They are considered as a hero or a noble man Antagonist : The opponent of protagonist who has unkindpersonality and tend to do many destruction


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REFERENCESReaske. C.R. 1966.How to analyze drama..:Monarch Press

Literature : Structure, Sound, and Sense,Laurence Perrine, 1970 Southern Methodist University

Literature : An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and DramaXJ Kennedy and Dana Gioia, 2003 Longman

Literature : Life, Language, Literature

Linda Robinson Fellag 1993 Heinle & HeinleBell, Roger T. 1991. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice. New York : Longman


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MotivationMotivation : identifiable motives behind the character. Most plays

have central motives and in general these are the giant human emotions which motivate most people in real life The most common motivation of the character indrama are:

1. Hope for reward

2. Love3. Fear of failure4. Religious feeling5. Revenge

6. Greed7. Jealousy

The rounded personality : Characters come to us ascomplex human personalities with many facets

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