Learning

about

language

1. Answer keys for Ex1 on Page4:

1. trust

2. upset

3. loose

4. calm down

5. crazy

6. set down7. go through

8. on purpose

9. face to face10. according to

2. Answer keys for Ex. 2 on page 4: Anne’s sister, Margot, was very ______ that

the family had to move. She found it difficult to settle and ___________ in the hiding place because she was _________

______ whether they would be discovered. She knew she had to _______ her parents and ___________ them this was necessary. At first she thought she would go _______ but later she realized that it was better to ___________ this together.

upset

calm downconcerned

abouttrust

according tocrazy

go through

3. Answer keys for Ex.3 on page 4:1. If you are concerned about somebody, you

want to offer help because you are worried about him/her.

2. Was it an accident or did David do it on purpose?

3. From the very beginning, Paul made it clear that he would be entirely in control.

4. He used to work outdoors even in the middle of winter.

5. Nature is all the animals, plants and other things in the world that are not made by people, and all the events that are not caused by people.

6. Just the thought of more food made her feel sick.

have to = have got to

Assignment: find out all the sentences in warming up and reading that contain have to or have got to. And then transfer it into the other form. (5 sentences)

It’s a duty to do something.

GrammarGrammar

直接引语和间接引语直接引语和间接引语

Direct and Indirect SpeechDirect and Indirect Speech

Grammar: Direct and Indirect Speech (1)

1. 转述他人的陈述→陈述句

→ She asked me what I was doing.

1) He said , “I’m going to Beijing.”

→ He said that he was going to Beijing.

2) He asked, “Are you a teacher?”

→ He asked me if /whether I was a doctor.

3) She said , “What are you doing?”

2. 转述他人的疑问→一般疑问句3. 转述他人的问题→特殊疑问句

直接引语变成间接引语，句子结构的变化

• He said, “I have been to the Great Wall. ” • He said to us that he had been to the

Great Wall. • He said, “I'll give you an examination

next Monday. ” He told us that he would give us an

examination the next Monday.

•陈述句陈述句•用连词用连词 thatthat 引导，引导， thatthat 在口语中常省略。在口语中常省略。主句的谓语动词可直接用引语中的主句的谓语动词可直接用引语中的 said, said, 也可也可用用 toldtold 来代替，注意，可以说来代替，注意，可以说 said that, saisaid that, said to sb. that, told sb. thatd to sb. that, told sb. that ，不可直接说，不可直接说 toltold that d that

解题步骤 : 1. 陈述句 :“I don’t like computers,” Sarah said to her friends.Sarah said to her friends that I don’t like

computers.

said didn’tshe

Sarah said to her friends that she didn’t like computers.

Sarah

一般疑问句

• He said, “Do you have any difficulty with pronunciation?”

• He asked (me) whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation.

• He said, “You are interested in English, aren't you?”

• He asked whether I was interested in English.

•间接引语用连词间接引语用连词 whetherwhether 或或 ifif 引导，原引导，原主句中谓语动词主句中谓语动词 saidsaid 要改为要改为 asked(me/hiasked(me/him/usm/us 等等 )) ，语序是陈述句的语序 ，语序是陈述句的语序

2. 一般疑问句 :

Is it easy to improve the condition of the soil?

( They asked him )

They asked him if

It is easy to improve the condition of the soil.

it is easy to improve the condition of the soil.

asked is was

They asked him if it was easy to improve the condition of the soil.

特殊疑问句

• He said to me “， What's your name?” • He asked me what my name was. • He asked us, “How many car

factories have been built in your country?”

• He asked us how many car factories had been built in our country.

•原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词，主原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词，主句的谓语动词用句的谓语动词用 ask(sb. )ask(sb. ) 来表达，语来表达，语序改为陈述句语序 序改为陈述句语序

3. 特殊疑问句：When do you harvest the wheat ?

( They asked him )

They asked him When

you harvest the wheat

you harvest the wheat.

heheharvested

They asked him when he harvested the wheat.

选择疑问句

• He asked, “Do you speak English or French?”

• He asked me whether I spoke English or French.

• I asked, “Will you take bus or take train?”

• I asked him whether he would take bus or take train.

•用用 whether…or…whether…or… 表达，而不用表达，而不用 if…or…if…or… ，，也不用也不用 either…or… either…or…

5. 注意地点的变化

在直接引语变为间接引语时需要注意的变化在直接引语变为间接引语时需要注意的变化1. 注意时态的变化

2. 注意人称变化。

3. 注意指示代词的变化

4. 注意时间的变化

6. 注意个别趋向动词的变化

When you change a sentence from When you change a sentence from direct speech to indirect speech, you direct speech to indirect speech, you sometimes need to change the sometimes need to change the verb verb tensetense.. You may also need to change You may also need to change pronounspronouns , , time time in order to keep the in order to keep the

same meaning.same meaning.

• Direct indirect • Present past• Past past and past perfect• Present perfect past perfect • Past perfect past perfect

The geography teacher told us that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

谓语动词时态变化需要注意几点：

1. 直接引语表述的是客观真理，变为间接引语时，时态不变

The geography teacher said, “The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.”

She says that she’ll never forget the days in the country.

2. 如果直接引语所表述的内容在目前和说话时同样有效，变间接引语时，时态可不变

The children said, “We love this game.”

They told us that they love that game.

3. 主句谓语动词的时态是现在时态，在引述时，时态不变。She says, “I’ll never forget the days in the country.”

1. 当主句的谓语动词是将来时的时候 2. 当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时

3. 当直接引语中有以 when, while 引导的从句，表示过去的时间时

4. 当引语是谚语、格言时5. 当直接引语中有情态动词 should, woul

d, could, had better, would rather, might, must, ought to, used to, need 时

从句时态无须改变的还有以下情况 :

直接引语 间接引语指示代词

时

间

状

语

地点状语 方向性动词

this, that, these those

now, then, today that day

this week that week

yesterday the day before

last week the week before

four days ago four days before

the day before yesterday two days before

tomorrow the next day

next month the next month

here there

come, go,bring take

直接引语中的助动词 间接引语中的助动词shall should

should Should （不变）will would

would Would （不变）may might

might Might （不变）can could

could Could （不变）must Must/had to

Exercises:1. He said , “I m afraid I can’t finish this work.”

2.He said , “I haven’t heard from him since May.”

3.Tom said “I will see you next week.”

He said that he was afraid he couldn’t finish that work.

He said that he hadn’t heard from him since May.

Tom said that he would see me the next week.

4. “Why were you late again?” The teacher said to me.

5. “I don’t like swimming,” said Sarah.

6. His friends asked him if he would go to Dalian.

7. “Have you been to Paris?” My classmate asked me.

The teacher asked me why I was late again.

Sarah said she didn’t like swimming.

His friends asked him, “Will you go to Dalian?”

My classmate asked me if I had been to Paris.

““Let me Let me help!”help!”

A: …?A: …?C: He asked you….C: He asked you….B: ….B: ….C: He said / told you that….C: He said / told you that….

1. Jack said to me, “You look worried

today.”

Jack told me that ___ worried ___.

A. he looks…today

B. you look…today

C. we looked…that day

D. I looked…that

day

ExercisesExercises

2. We said to her, “They’re walking

through the street now.”

We told her that ___ through the

street ___.

A. we were walking…then

B. you are

walking…now C .they

were walking…then

D. they walking…now

3. Mr Black said, “I have walked a long

way this week.”

Mr Black said that __ a long way __.

A. I had walked…last week

B. he had walked…that week

C. I walked…last week

D. he has walked…this

week

4. The man thought, “I shall take it back

tomorrow.”

The man thought that __ take it back

____.

A. I shall…tomorrow

B. I shall…the next day

C. he should…tomorrow

D. he would …the next

day

5. They said to us, “Are you afraid to

leave this house ?”

They asked us ____ afraid to leave

_____ house.

A. that were we…this

B. that we were…that

C. if were we …this

D. if we were…

that

6. Jane said, “What did he hear about a

week ago?”

Jane asked ____ about _____.

A. that he heard…a week ago

B. what he had heard…the week

before C. what he had herd… a week ago

D. if he heard…the week ago

7. She asked, “Whose house will he

break into next time ?”

She asked whose house ____ break

into _____.

A. will he…next time

B. would

he…the next time C.

he would…the next time

D. he will…next time

8. Jack said to her, “Where do you spend

your holidays?”

Jack asked her where ____ holidays.

A. she spent her B. you spend your

C. she spend her D. you spent your

9. Black asked me, “ Why haven’t you

left here yet?”

Black asked me why ____ yet.

A. I hadn’t left there

B. I haven’t left here

C. hadn’t I left

there D.

haven’t I left here

10. The teacher asked her, “|Does the sun

rise in the east ?”

The teacher asked her ___ the sun ___

in the east.

A. if…rise

B. if…rises

C.

whether…rose

D. whether did …rise