learning
TRANSCRIPT
Learning
Dr. Irene Karayianni
Classical conditioning
Before
During conditioning
After
Pricking of ears
Salivation UCR
UCS
Neutral stimulus
Salivation UCR
UCS
Neutral stimulus
CS
Salivation CR
Classical conditioning
Terminology summary
• Conditioned = learned
• Unconditioned = not learned
• An un conditioned stimulus leads to an un conditioned response.
• Un conditioned stimulus – un conditioned response pairings are not
learned: they are naturally occurring.
• During conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus is transformed into
the conditioned stimulus
• A conditioned stimulus leads to a conditioned response, and a
conditioned stimulus–conditioned response pairing is a consequence of
learning
• An unconditioned response and a conditioned response are similar (such
as salivation in Pavlov’s experiment), but the unconditioned response
occurs naturally, whereas the conditioned response is learned.
Classical conditioning
Classical conditioning
Some Interesting Aspects of Classical Conditioning
• Any stimulus we can perceive has the potential to become a conditioned stimulus.
• Perception of the CS can take place below the level of conscious awareness.
• Any response we make naturally can come to be elicited by a learned signal.
• These responses can be highly specific and simple (such as a muscle twitch) or general and complex (such as sexual arousal or fear).
• The conditioned response can be a response of our skeletal muscles or visceral organs or even a “private” response (such as thoughts and feelings).
• With a powerful original UCS, conditioning may take place in only one trial in which the UCS is paired with a CS.
• Stimuli quite different from the original CS can control the appearance of the conditioned response through higher-order conditioning.
• Depending on the strength of the CR and the nature of the conditioning process, some learned responses resist extinction and may endure for a lifetime.
Classical conditioning
Extinction
Classical conditioning
Generalization and Discrimination
Classical conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Webster
Oxford
Operant conditioning
Thorndike’s law of effect
Operant conditioning
Skinner box
reinforcement
Operant conditioning
Reinforcers Primary and secondary reinforcers
Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning
Positive, negative reinforcers
Punishments
Added
Removed
Positive Add Negative Remove
Reinforcer increases frequency of behavior Punishment decreases frequency of behavior
Operant conditioning
Is punishment an effective way to modify behavior?
Operant conditioning
Schedules of reinforcement
Operant conditioning
Continuous vs. partial (intermittent) reinforcement
Which one is faster? Which one is stronger (long lasting)?
Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning
Discrimination – stimulus control training
Operant conditioning
Generalization
Generalize this response
But also…
Shaping
Biological constraints on learning
Operant conditioning
Classical vs. Operant conditioning
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H6LEcM0E0io
Cognitive Approaches to Learning
not all learning is due to operant and classical conditioning
Latent learning
Observational Learning
Observational Learning
Violence in TV and video games
“If Pac-Man had affected us as kids, we'd all be running around in dark rooms, munching pills and listening to repetitive electronic
music.”
Violence in TV and video games