leaf mines - naturespot · what are leaf-mines? the feeding signs left within the tissue of plants...
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LEAF MINES
. . . and GALLSSue Timms, 16/01/2020
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What are leaf-mines?The feeding signs left within the tissue of plants by the larval stages of some
invertebrates – chiefly Agromyzidae flies and some micro-moths, plus a few beetles and sawflies.
Many of these species are tiny and rarely recorded as adults.
The shape of the mines, the pattern of the droppings and the appearance of the larva, cocoon and pupa are used to identify species.
IMPORTANT
Not all leaf-mines can be identified – sometimes you need to rear the larva to adults
Sue Timms, 16/01/2020
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UK and VC55 species of leaf mine
There are over 1000 leaf-miner species on the UK list (source: ukflymines.co.uk)
Beetles (38) Sawflies (28)
Moths (481)
Flies (Agromyzidae –
405)
other Flies (80)
Leaf miners in VC55:
• Sawflies – c. 14 speciesAll in the Tenthredinidae family
• Beetles – c. 26 speciesMainly weevils (Curculionidae)
• Flies – c. 100? speciesMostly Agromyzidae
• Moths – c. 280 speciesAll micro-moths, mainly in the Nepticulidae and Gracillariidaefamilies
Sue Timms, 16/01/2020
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http://www.leafmines.co.uk
https://bladmineerders.nl
Identifying LEAF-MINES
http://www.ukflymines.co.uk
https://www.naturespot.org.uk
Sue Timms, 16/01/2020
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“A gall is an abnormal growth produced by a plant under the
influence of another organism. It involves enlargement and/or
proliferation of the host’s cells or vascular tissue, and provides both
protection and nourishment for the gall-causer.”
Redfern, M. & Shirley, P. (2011) British Plant Galls. FSC
Sue Timms, 16/01/2020
What are plant galls?
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UK plant galls
Sue Timms, 16/01/2020
There are nearly 1300 species listed on the British Plant Gall checklist (2012)britishplantgallsociety.org/publications.html
Fly/midge 404
Fungus 338
Mite 183
Cynipid wasp 76
Aphid 70
Beetle 57
Sawfly 35
Moth 28
Nematode 21
Scale 21
Psyllid 17
Bacteria 9
Chalcid wasp 8
Vascular plant 5
Protozoan 3
Copepod 1
Rotifer 1
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Five golden rules
ALWAYS record the gall or miner host plant.All the keys and guide books and websites start with the host.
ALWAYS include the word ‘gall’ or ‘leaf-mine’ in your commentsotherwise it might be taken as the adult organism or gall-causer.
Be careful of sourcesThere are a lot of hopeful or mis-identified photos on the internet
Retain a specimen of any rarities or County firstsso they can be verified by an expert – its not always possible from a
photo.
Take a photo of the fresh specimen Photograph mines with back-lighting to show the frass pattern, and
if you can, dissect out the larva/pupa and photograph it
Sue Timms, 16/01/2020
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FLIES - Agromyzidae
Agromyzaalnivora(alder)
Phytomyzaagromyzina(dogwood)
Liriomyzaamoena(elder)
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FLIES - Agromyzidae
Phytomyza lappae (Burdock)
Phytomyza minuscula (Columbine)
Amauromyzaflavifronslarva (red campion)
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FLIES - pupae
Phytomyzaautumnalis(creeping thistle)
Cerodontha iraeos(yellow flag-iris)
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FLIES - Agromyzidae
Aulagromyzaheringii(ash)
Phytomyzatetrasticha(water mint)
Chromatomyiaaprilina(honeysuckle)
Phytomyzacrassiseta(germander speedwell)
Sue Timms, 16/01/2020
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Orchestes rusci (Birch)
Zeugophora (Aspen)
BEETLES
Sphaeroderma (Creeping Thistle)
Sue Timms, 16/01/2020
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BEETLES
Isochnus (Crack Willow)
Rhamphuspulicarius
(Grey Sallow)
Sue Timms, 16/01/2020
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BEETLES
Orchestesquercus
(Oak)
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SAWFLIES
Heterarthrus wuestneii (Field Maple)
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SAWFLIES
Profenusa pygmaea (oak)
Sue Timms, 16/01/2020
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SAWFLIES on Alder
Heterarthrusvagans
Fenusadohrnii
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MOTHS – Eriocrania on birch
Eriocraniasangii
Eriocraniasemipurpurella
Eriocraniasparrmannella
Sue Timms, 16/01/2020
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MOTHS - Nepticulidae
Stigmella anomalella (rose)
Stigmella nylandriella (rowan)
Sue Timms, 16/01/2020
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MOTHS - Nepticulidae
Ectoedemia subbimaculella –‘green islands’ in oak leaves
Sue Timms, 16/01/2020
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MOTHS
Antispila metallella Dogwood)Heliozela resplendella (alder)
Mompharaschkiella
(rosebay willowherb)
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MOTHS – Bucculatrix
Bucculatrix albedinella (elm)
Bucculatrix thoracella (lime)
Sue Timms, 16/01/2020
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MOTHS – Bucculatrix cocoons
Bucculatrix cristatella (yarrow)
Bucculatrix ulmella (oak)
Sue Timms, 16/01/2020
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MOTHS - Phyllonorycter
Phyllonorycter oxyacanthae(hawthorn)
P corylifoliella(hawthorn)
P rajella(alder)
Sue Timms, 16/01/2020
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MOTHS
Parornix devoniella(hazel)
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MOTHS - Phyllonorycter
larva
cocoon
pupa
parasitoid(a Braconid
wasp?)
Sue Timms, 16/01/2020
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MOTHS - Coleophora
Coleophoragryphipennella(dog-rose)
Coleophora milvipennis (birch)
Sue Timms, 16/01/2020
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MOTHS - Tischeriidae
Tischeria ekebladella (oak)
Coptotrichemarginea(bramble)
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Gall wasps on oak
Cynips quercusfolii
Andricus grossulariae
Andricus aries
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Gall midges and flies
Contarinia tiliarum - Lime
Rabdophaga salicis - sallow
Hartigiola annulipesbeech
Dasineura ulmariaemeadowsweet
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Gall mites
Eriophyesleisoma
Lime
Aceria macrochelaField maple
AcalitusstenaspisBeech
Aculops macrotrichus
Hornbeam
Sue Timms, 16/01/2020
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Gall aphids and psyllids
Pemphigus spyrothecae - poplar
Psyllopsis fraxini agg. – ashEriosoma - elm
Sue Timms, 16/01/2020
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Gall rusts and fungi
Taphrina ulmiAlder tongue
Gymnosporangium sabinae - Pear
XenodochuscarbonariusGreat Burnetrust
Sue Timms, 16/01/2020
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Gall nematode and sawflies
Subanguinagraminophila(grass)
Pontaniaproxima(willow)
Eupontaniapedunculi
(sallow)
Sue Timms, 16/01/2020