leadership’s impact on production 1
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/8/2019 LEADERSHIPS IMPACT ON PRODUCTION 1
1/28
LEADERSHIPS IMPACT ONLEADERSHIPS IMPACT ON
PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION
Presented ByPresented By
SachinSachin SrivastavaSrivastava
-
8/8/2019 LEADERSHIPS IMPACT ON PRODUCTION 1
2/28
Introduction:Introduction:
Management is a field that covers organization theoryManagement is a field that covers organization theoryand behavior, planning, decision making, variousand behavior, planning, decision making, varioustechniques of management science, e.g. pathtechniques of management science, e.g. pathanalysis, personnel administration, leadership,analysis, personnel administration, leadership,motivation, communication, management informationmotivation, communication, management informationsystem, budgeting, auditing, productivity andsystem, budgeting, auditing, productivity andoccasionally, marketing.occasionally, marketing.
Organized activity isOrganized activity is given directiongiven direction and channel zedand channel zedby means of effective leadership. Misdirected orby means of effective leadership. Misdirected ordirectiondirection--less activity ends up being a purposeless oneless activity ends up being a purposeless onetoo. Since administration and organization are alltoo. Since administration and organization are allpurposepurpose--bound activities, an agency needs to be set upbound activities, an agency needs to be set up
to ensure it does not go astray. Leadership serves asto ensure it does not go astray. Leadership serves as
-
8/8/2019 LEADERSHIPS IMPACT ON PRODUCTION 1
3/28
Heresy and Blanchard define leadership as a function of the leader,Heresy and Blanchard define leadership as a function of the leader,followers and situation, which can be depicted as:followers and situation, which can be depicted as: --
L = f (l, f, s)L = f (l, f, s)
Where L denotes the function of leadership, l of leader, f of followersWhere L denotes the function of leadership, l of leader, f of followers
and s of situation; f stands for function.and s of situation; f stands for function.
Leadership at different times involves:Leadership at different times involves:
1.1. InfluencingInfluencing
2.2. PersuadingPersuading
3.3. DirectingDirecting
4.4. EnergizingEnergizing
5.5. GuidingGuiding
6.6. IntegratingIntegrating
-
8/8/2019 LEADERSHIPS IMPACT ON PRODUCTION 1
4/28
Influencing:Influencing: which lays an indirect and often imperceptible impact on the subject,which lays an indirect and often imperceptible impact on the subject,
so as to get him around to ones view;so as to get him around to ones view;
Persuading,Persuading, which is understood as a skillful act involving pressing suggestionswhich is understood as a skillful act involving pressing suggestions
which is used for obviating /settling conflict or proffering a point of view.which is used for obviating /settling conflict or proffering a point of view.
Directing,Directing, which is an objective/practical methodology of demanding more thanwhich is an objective/practical methodology of demanding more than
commanding compliance.commanding compliance.
Energizing,Energizing, which involves motivating, which in turn includes injecting a sense ofwhich involves motivating, which in turn includes injecting a sense of
optimism and heightened valence and expectation;optimism and heightened valence and expectation;
Guiding,Guiding, to ensure minimum of aberrations and smooth operation of business.to ensure minimum of aberrations and smooth operation of business.
Integrating,Integrating, which is explained in terms of structuralwhich is explained in terms of structural-- functional coordination andfunctional coordination and
also the fusion process partaking inside organizations, which comprises of the twinalso the fusion process partaking inside organizations, which comprises of the twinprocesses of personalization and socialization. The two have to be integratedprocesses of personalization and socialization. The two have to be integrated
/managed./managed.
There forces should be synergized in a manner that the productivity is optimized.There forces should be synergized in a manner that the productivity is optimized.
The organization requires a leader, who should motivate the teams and theirThe organization requires a leader, who should motivate the teams and their
members. The smartness of the leader should be such that he/she motivates everymembers. The smartness of the leader should be such that he/she motivates every
individual of every team to work with their best of ability. The leadership personindividual of every team to work with their best of ability. The leadership person
value of such a man is estimated highest. There may be another situation that everyvalue of such a man is estimated highest. There may be another situation that every
team works independently and casually. The productivity of such working culture isteam works independently and casually. The productivity of such working culture is
poor and the value of leadership is lowest. For the purpose of study this value canpoor and the value of leadership is lowest. For the purpose of study this value can
bebe
assumed to be zeroassumed to be zero representing a poor or even working without leader in therepresenting a poor or even working without leader in the
organization.organization.
-
8/8/2019 LEADERSHIPS IMPACT ON PRODUCTION 1
5/28
A mathematical model is develop for the leadership inA mathematical model is develop for the leadership inan organization.an organization.
Where there are M teams each headed byWhere there are M teams each headed by an inan in--chargechargeof the team. It is further assumed that there are Pof the team. It is further assumed that there are Pworkers in each team. It is assumed that the input rawworkers in each team. It is assumed that the input rawmaterial is of quality and is fully utilized. For such modelsmaterial is of quality and is fully utilized. For such modelsKaufman carried out a studyKaufman carried out a study in 1987.in 1987.
NK model developed by Kauffman and Levin (1987) forNK model developed by Kauffman and Levin (1987) forstudying genome evolution,studying genome evolution, Solow et at.(2002)Solow et at.(2002) appliedapplied
the model to the process of replacing members of athe model to the process of replacing members of ateam. In the paper of Solow andteam. In the paper of Solow and LeenaworngLeenaworng theytheystudied the role of a leader in achieving cooperationstudied the role of a leader in achieving cooperationamong the team members. Leader shows the impact onamong the team members. Leader shows the impact onthe teams performance.the teams performance.
-
8/8/2019 LEADERSHIPS IMPACT ON PRODUCTION 1
6/28
Organization measures the various roles of a leader inOrganization measures the various roles of a leader indifferent situations. It is obvious that the most important roledifferent situations. It is obvious that the most important roleis that of motivation. Organization tries to compare betweenis that of motivation. Organization tries to compare between
the performance of team, with and without the leadershipthe performance of team, with and without the leadership aamodel includes controllable parameters, whose values reflect themodel includes controllable parameters, whose values reflect the
amount of interdependence among team members as well as the skillamount of interdependence among team members as well as the skill
of the leader and variability. The mathematical model was developedof the leader and variability. The mathematical model was developed
on the basison the basis
The mathematical model was developed on the basis ofThe mathematical model was developed on the basis offollowing variables.following variables.
1.1. Improvement of output with the skill of leader.Improvement of output with the skill of leader.2.2. Leaders with motivational skill improve interdependenceLeaders with motivational skill improve interdependence
amongst workers, and this improves performance.amongst workers, and this improves performance.
3.3. For better output, leader should have skill andFor better output, leader should have skill andavailability.availability.
4.4. Important ability of leader is to prepare PERT for all theImportant ability of leader is to prepare PERT for all theteams.teams.For the completion of the chart and then sequence themFor the completion of the chart and then sequence themfor execution, this role thus may come important asfor execution, this role thus may come important as
working scenario imagined and prepare in advance. Thisworking scenario imagined and prepare in advance. Thiscan be met only by an intelligent and experienced leader.can be met only by an intelligent and experienced leader.
-
8/8/2019 LEADERSHIPS IMPACT ON PRODUCTION 1
7/28
Leaders role and workLeaders role and work
As per NK model, he/she should haveAs per NK model, he/she should haveappreciation for the work of each team, theirappreciation for the work of each team, theirability to work and he/she should know the timeability to work and he/she should know the timeof production in each quanta time.of production in each quanta time.
A skillA skill--full leader prepares chart for PERT whilefull leader prepares chart for PERT while
allotting the job to teams. He has to meditativeallotting the job to teams. He has to meditativepeople to its highest level. So that thepeople to its highest level. So that theassignment will be completed in the prescribeassignment will be completed in the prescribetime.time.
A very important factor is generation of theA very important factor is generation of the
motivation by rumors among the workers. Hencemotivation by rumors among the workers. Henceone of the very important roles of leader is not toone of the very important roles of leader is not toallow any rumor to spread in.allow any rumor to spread in.
-
8/8/2019 LEADERSHIPS IMPACT ON PRODUCTION 1
8/28
FigureFigure--1 Relationship between Leader and teams1 Relationship between Leader and teams
Leader
T1 T2 T3TN
-
8/8/2019 LEADERSHIPS IMPACT ON PRODUCTION 1
9/28
he/she is an important member of thehe/she is an important member of the
organization and has to participate inorganization and has to participate in
Human response management.Human response management.
Motivating the teams.Motivating the teams.
Networking the team work.Networking the team work.
Activate traditional activities.Activate traditional activities.
-
8/8/2019 LEADERSHIPS IMPACT ON PRODUCTION 1
10/28
Working ability of leaderWorking ability of leader
Different kinds of working abilities are required forDifferent kinds of working abilities are required fordifferent types of production.different types of production.
The PIPEThe PIPE--LINE technique is such that parallel workingLINE technique is such that parallel workingis arranged amongst the teamis arranged amongst the team
The system may be such that every member of allThe system may be such that every member of all
teams is involved or it is such that a few are sparedteams is involved or it is such that a few are sparednot to participate in the work. If second system isnot to participate in the work. If second system isobserved then, the team member those are sparedobserved then, the team member those are sparedare stand by and are used for reinforced motivation.are stand by and are used for reinforced motivation.
The second one is better working system. If the firstThe second one is better working system. If the first
team starts the job and pass on to next afterteam starts the job and pass on to next aftercompletion to second working team place after thecompletion to second working team place after thecompletion the job of secondcompletion the job of second --the job moves to thirdthe job moves to thirdand so on.and so on.
Thus we see that after one cycle every team is busyThus we see that after one cycle every team is busy
on the job.on the job.
-
8/8/2019 LEADERSHIPS IMPACT ON PRODUCTION 1
11/28
TimeTTimeT33TT22TT11
MM11 MM22 MM33 MMNNTeamTeam
Fig. 2 Pipe line works on ParallelFig. 2 Pipe line works on Parallel
This generated work schedule is called PIPELINE andThis generated work schedule is called PIPELINE and
works on parallel.works on parallel.
-
8/8/2019 LEADERSHIPS IMPACT ON PRODUCTION 1
12/28
The busy timingsThe busy timings--------
T1=M1T1=M1T2=M1+M2T2=M1+M2
T3=M1+M2+M3T3=M1+M2+M3
TTNN=M1+M2+MN=M1+M2+MN
Where T1 = Time & M1+M2+MN = Work forceWhere T1 = Time & M1+M2+MN = Work force
And the first model of the product will be in the marketAnd the first model of the product will be in the market
after time of Tafter time of TNN. then the model will come at the end of. then the model will come at the end of
each quanta time of T working after Teach quanta time of T working after TNN time.time.
Let total working period is,Let total working period is,
Then the number of production =Then the number of production =
Where TWhere TNN = time at nth minutes= time at nth minutes
? A
T
TN
X
X
-
8/8/2019 LEADERSHIPS IMPACT ON PRODUCTION 1
13/28
If presumed the motivational value good. In case there isIf presumed the motivational value good. In case there is
lacking in motivational value, the working quanta time willlacking in motivational value, the working quanta time will
be enhanced.be enhanced.The motivation value is quantified1.*The motivation value is quantified1.*
Mot. =Mot. =
Where, p = joint impact ofWhere, p = joint impact of NbNb,, PbPb ANDAND RbRb..
If there is a slack in parameters of motivationIf there is a slack in parameters of motivation -- Mot. will beMot. will be
reduced, causing enhancement in time T to (T+ T),reduced, causing enhancement in time T to (T+ T),
This makes the over all increase in time for someThis makes the over all increase in time for some
production as given belowproduction as given below ------------
This leads to a loss of productsThis leads to a loss of products
Production lossProduction loss
T
tTN (! XJ
t
T
TN (
! .
X
pp log
(
-
8/8/2019 LEADERSHIPS IMPACT ON PRODUCTION 1
14/28
The present fall in ability of the leader, if it is assumed to beThe present fall in ability of the leader, if it is assumed to be
oneone------------
Ability fall of LeaderAbility fall of Leader
The working ability of leader if motivation is not paidThe working ability of leader if motivation is not paidattention.attention.
Fall in abilityFall in ability
TT
TTt
N
N
!
2
T
t(!
T
t(!
(!T
t1
-
8/8/2019 LEADERSHIPS IMPACT ON PRODUCTION 1
15/28
Compari onof l ader abilit :Compari onof leader abilit :
In the previous section it is assumed thatIn the previous section it is assumed thatthe ability value is one for a good leader.the ability value is one for a good leader.If the leader has not paid in any output isIf the leader has not paid in any output isaffected and it falls down. Actually theaffected and it falls down. Actually the
ability factor may not be unity in most ofability factor may not be unity in most ofcases of leaders. Otherwise it varies in daycases of leaders. Otherwise it varies in dayto day working .hence it is important toto day working .hence it is important todefine it quantitatively and assign the unitdefine it quantitatively and assign the unit
if possible. let the work of someif possible. let the work of someorganization are x(1),x(2),x(365).onorganization are x(1),x(2),x(365).onfirst day, second day to 365th day.first day, second day to 365th day.
-
8/8/2019 LEADERSHIPS IMPACT ON PRODUCTION 1
16/28
The yearly outputThe yearly output
The average outputThe average output
If the output is enhanced if leader is changed and the response becomesIf the output is enhanced if leader is changed and the response becomes
There are three possible conditionsThere are three possible conditions ---- If,If,
1)1)
Then both leaders have same abilityThen both leaders have same ability
2)2) >>
Then earlier is better leaderThen earlier is better leader
3)3)
-
8/8/2019 LEADERSHIPS IMPACT ON PRODUCTION 1
17/28
The ability term can be estimated from the roles of leaders performingThe ability term can be estimated from the roles of leaders performing
as a leader, and becoming failure in some activities of the constituents,as a leader, and becoming failure in some activities of the constituents,
let the probability of failure is f, and then the ability can be expressedlet the probability of failure is f, and then the ability can be expressed
as.as.
WhereWhere AAbb ==Ability of a LeaderAbility of a Leader
(By L Hospitals rule)(By L Hospitals rule)
At limiting case when f tends to zero,At limiting case when f tends to zero,
, And its unit is (1, And its unit is (1--entropy)entropy)
ffAb log1!
0log !ff
1!bA
-
8/8/2019 LEADERSHIPS IMPACT ON PRODUCTION 1
18/28
Circumstantial impact on leader:Circumstantial impact on leader:
If the work is for long duration, then there are chances forIf the work is for long duration, then there are chances forcatastrophe for the system to be forced. These unexpectedcatastrophe for the system to be forced. These unexpectedsituation causes damage in the output. The output of suchsituation causes damage in the output. The output of suchphenomena used to be impulsephenomena used to be impulse,,while the damage impactwhile the damage impact
usedused to be either linear or negative exponential as shownto be either linear or negative exponential as shown
in the figure.in the figure.
Fig: Impact of unexpected catastrophe input.Fig: Impact of unexpected catastrophe input.
Here, the CatHere, the Cat--tropical input used to be impulsive and, thistropical input used to be impulsive and, thiswill have negative exponentwill have negative exponent--ional or linear drop in theional or linear drop in the
outputoutput..
Input Output
-
8/8/2019 LEADERSHIPS IMPACT ON PRODUCTION 1
19/28
After some time, there is recovery in the output. TheAfter some time, there is recovery in the output. The
recovery may linear or exponent ional. In fig 4,recovery may linear or exponent ional. In fig 4,
envisage the damage occurs due to incompetentenvisage the damage occurs due to incompetentimpact of the leadership. There are two parts in theimpact of the leadership. There are two parts in the
graph where the first part decreases exponentially ingraph where the first part decreases exponentially in
the production. When the value of the productionthe production. When the value of the production
reaches to Rreaches to RKK, the recovery in production starts and, the recovery in production starts and
obviously the rise follows positive exponentialobviously the rise follows positive exponentialgrowth. The mathematical model for the fall and risegrowth. The mathematical model for the fall and rise
for such cases are describes.for such cases are describes.
If the production goes down from RIf the production goes down from RKK it occur crisis.it occur crisis.
The graph describes others situation to where fall ofThe graph describes others situation to where fall ofproduction is linear (such type case rarely occurs). Itproduction is linear (such type case rarely occurs). It
is most unnatural but need to be studies. When theis most unnatural but need to be studies. When the
production reaches to Rproduction reaches to RKK value there is a suddenvalue there is a sudden
change in recovery which also follow linear rise.change in recovery which also follow linear rise.
-
8/8/2019 LEADERSHIPS IMPACT ON PRODUCTION 1
20/28
Exponential recoveryExponential recovery
Linear FallLinear Fall
NegativeNegativeExponential fallExponential fall
Linear RecoveryLinear Recovery
RRNN
RRKK
Fall Period Recovery PeriodFall Period Recovery Period
Fig.4. Exponential and Recovery Fall and Recovery graphFig.4. Exponential and Recovery Fall and Recovery graph
-
8/8/2019 LEADERSHIPS IMPACT ON PRODUCTION 1
21/28
1. Damage in exponential fall:1. Damage in exponential fall:
If the normal output is expressed as RN AndIf the normal output is expressed as RN And
the fall component isthe fall component is
Then the product or output of a leader after timeThen the product or output of a leader after time
The damage due to leader during fall time =The damage due to leader during fall time =
2. Damage in exponential recovery:2. Damage in exponential recovery:
This is an area covered by the rising curveThis is an area covered by the rising curve
EFt
NFeRt
E
! .
F
F
t
t
NdteR
0
E
dteR tt
t
N
R
f
.1E!
-
8/8/2019 LEADERSHIPS IMPACT ON PRODUCTION 1
22/28
The total damage due to catastrophic impulseThe total damage due to catastrophic impulse
=R=RNN
= R= RNN
=R=RNN
=R=RNN
=R=RNN
=R=RNN
-
F R
F
t t
t
tt
dtedte0
)1( EE
R
F
FF
F
t
t
t
R
t
t ete
-
-
0
.1
R
F
FRF
t
t
tt
FR
tee
tte
-
-
))( EEEE
EEE
-
EEEE
EEEFRF tt
FR
tee
tte1
-
)()(
EEEE
EEE FFR ttt
FR
eeett
-
)(
11FFRttt
FReeett
EEE
EE
-
8/8/2019 LEADERSHIPS IMPACT ON PRODUCTION 1
23/28
Total DamageTotal Damage
=R=RNN
RRNN
Total Damage or Output due to LeadersTotal Damage or Output due to Leaders
Effect:Effect:
=R=RNN
Ability Factor (AF)Ability Factor (AF)
of the Leader =of the Leader =
AFAF ==
)(FRtt
-
))
2
(2(11 FF
R
tt
t
FR
eeett
EEE
EE
-
)sin21(
1
2 Ft
F tet
R
EE
E
WorkExpected
DamageOfAmount
)(
)sin21(1
2
RF
F
t
F
tt
tet R
-
-
8/8/2019 LEADERSHIPS IMPACT ON PRODUCTION 1
24/28
Similarly Amount OF Linear Damage:Similarly Amount OF Linear Damage:
FRKN
F
KN
RN tt
RR
t
RR
tR
-
! .2.2)(
Damage ? ARRNF
KNttRt
RR.)1.(
2
.
!
Where Ucot
.FNKtRR
!
Where ! Fall Angle
Catastrophic impact is beyond and simplycircumstantial and it has taken place and beyond
control.The leader has to maintain encourage environmentwith worker on such situation.
-
8/8/2019 LEADERSHIPS IMPACT ON PRODUCTION 1
25/28
Conclusion:Conclusion:
The job of leader is to define reality and giveThe job of leader is to define reality and givehopehope-- so said a chief business advisor to so said a chief business advisor to
President George Bush while thanking him forPresident George Bush while thanking him forhis astute handling of post September 11his astute handling of post September 11situation in America. It is being strongly felt insituation in America. It is being strongly felt in
America that President Bush is very much in theAmerica that President Bush is very much in theprocess of redefining leadership. He has provedprocess of redefining leadership. He has provedto be the man for the occasion and it should notto be the man for the occasion and it should notbe forgotten that he is the same man who wasbe forgotten that he is the same man who was
dismissed for lack of charisma just some timedismissed for lack of charisma just some timeago. What then is leadership? The answer mayago. What then is leadership? The answer maynot be readily forthcoming.not be readily forthcoming.
-
8/8/2019 LEADERSHIPS IMPACT ON PRODUCTION 1
26/28
A leader is not a superman, nor is he expected toA leader is not a superman, nor is he expected to
be one. He is neither a layman. So whatbe one. He is neither a layman. So what
makes a leader? Vedanta talks of amakes a leader? Vedanta talks of aKshatritya who is a born leader. He isKshatritya who is a born leader. He is
healthily endowed with Sattvohealthily endowed with Sattvo--Rajas qualitiesRajas qualities
and is born to determine destinies of ordinaryand is born to determine destinies of ordinary
mortals. The male archetype is Arjuna whomortals. The male archetype is Arjuna whofights on behalf of good against evil. Does thefights on behalf of good against evil. Does the
Gita then subscribe to the traitist theory ofGita then subscribe to the traitist theory of
leadership? The question demands anleadership? The question demands an
answer. Given the veracity of ancientanswer. Given the veracity of ancientwisdom, as proven from time to time, thewisdom, as proven from time to time, the
issue needs to be investigated in allissue needs to be investigated in all
seriousnessseriousness
-
8/8/2019 LEADERSHIPS IMPACT ON PRODUCTION 1
27/28
The above study gives the picture of theThe above study gives the picture of the
impact in the production of the involvement of theimpact in the production of the involvement of the
leader who is managing the organization. A minorleader who is managing the organization. A minorlaxity on the duty or a little slackness in executionlaxity on the duty or a little slackness in execution
of order causes fall in the output. His/her alertnessof order causes fall in the output. His/her alertness
gains the normality in working.gains the normality in working.
Due to this phenomenon there is damage inDue to this phenomenon there is damage in
production. Study has been carried out forproduction. Study has been carried out for
evaluating the loss when loss and gain curves areevaluating the loss when loss and gain curves are
exponentially distributed. The study has been alsoexponentially distributed. The study has been alsocarried out for the linear distribution of the loss andcarried out for the linear distribution of the loss and
gain. The over all study provides guidelines for thegain. The over all study provides guidelines for the
manager of some organizations that are busy inmanager of some organizations that are busy in
productionproduction
-
8/8/2019 LEADERSHIPS IMPACT ON PRODUCTION 1
28/28
Thank youThank you