lead occupational exposure 29 cfr 1910.1025 pp-59-001-0411
TRANSCRIPT
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LEADOCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
29 CFR 1910.1025
PP-59-001-0411
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Chronology of LeadRulemaking
• In 1978, OSHA issued Lead Standard for General Industry (29 CFR 1910.1025 “Lead”)
• In 1993, OSHA issued “Lead Exposure in Construction; Interim Final Rule”(29 CFR 1926.62)
• Extended same protection provided by General Industry Standard to construction workers
• Standards are very similar
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Final Rule Provisions
• Scope• Definitions• Permissible Exposure Limit• Exposure Monitoring• Methods of Compliance• Respiratory Protection• Protective Work Clothing &
Equipment• Housekeeping• Hygiene Facilities & Practices• Medical Surveillance
• Medical Removal Protection
• Employee Information & Training
• Signs• Recordkeeping• Observation of Monitoring• Dates• Appendices
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Jobs where you may be exposed to Lead
• Welding & Cutting• Abrasive Blasting• Sandblasting/Equipment Cleaning• Sanding & Grinding on painted surfaces• Maintenance Employees• Soldering
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Permissible Exposure LimitParagraph (c)
• 8 hour time weighted average (TWA) permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 50 micrograms per cubic meter of air (µg/m3)
• PEL is adjusted according to workshift
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Action Level (AL)
• 8 hour time weighted average (TWA)- action level of 30 micrograms per cubic meter of air (µg/m3)
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Exposure MonitoringParagraph (d)
• Employer requirements:– determine if lead is present in workplace in any quantity
– make Initial Determination to see if any employee is exposed above action level
– Employee Exposure - exposure which would occur without use of respirator
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Exposure Monitoring
• How is this done?• Initial Monitoring: must include instrument
monitoring of air• must cover exposure of representative # of
employees who have highest exposure levels• may use previous sampling results taken within
past year
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Exposure Monitoring
• must consider symptoms/ information/ observations which indicate employee exposure to lead as part of initial determination
• Positive Initial Exposure Determination requires employer to:
• set up Air Monitoring Program• determine exposure level of every employee
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Exposure Monitoring
• Employee notification - must be notified in writing of air monitoring results (& corrective actions) within 5 days of receipt
• Results - exposure over AL but below PEL- monitor every 6 months
• Exposed over the PEL - repeat air monitoring every 3 months
• Stop monitoring - if 2 consecutive measurements, (taken 2 weeks apart) are below AL
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Exposure Monitoring
• Additional monitoring required when:– Production, process, personnel change - resulting in
new or additional Pb exposure
• Accuracy of measurement– of not less than +/- 20% for airborne conc. equal to or
greater than 30 ug/m3 (AL)
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Methods of ComplianceParagraph (e)
• Engineering and Work Practice Controls -required when employee exposed to lead above PEL for > 30 days per year
• Mechanical ventilation• Glove box, Sandblast Booths • Administrative Controls - such as job rotation or
workshift limits are permissible• Written Compliance Program - must be
established
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Respiratory ProtectionParagraph (f)
• Respirators:• When are they required?• Your exposure to lead is not controlled below the
PEL by other means• Whenever you request one• Medical advice • Concern about adverse reproductive effects
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Respiratory Protection
• No cost to employee• Can obtain a PAPR on request• Respiratory Protection Program required -
must include procedures for proper selection, cleaning, storage, maintenance
• Qualitative/Quantitative fit tests- required every 6 months
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Protective Work Clothing & Equipment Paragraph (g)
• Coveralls or similar full-body work clothing - required for employees exposed above the PEL
• may include gloves, shoes, goggles, face shields, hats
• provide clean, dry protective clothing weekly
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Protective Work Clothing & Equipment
• Exposures > 200ug/m3 - provide clothing daily• Employer provides:• equipment• repairs• replacement• cleaning, laundering, disposal
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Protective Work Clothing & Equipment
• Contaminated work clothing:• remove in change rooms only• don’t wear home• clothing to be cleaned, laundered, or
disposed of - place in closed containers in change rooms
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HousekeepingParagraph (h)
• Establish a Housekeeping Program
• Compressed air - Prohibited!• HEPA filter vacuum - should be used• Dry or wet sweeping, shoveling, brushing
prohibited
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Hygiene Facilities & Practices Paragraph (i)
• Provide change rooms, showers, and filtered air lunch rooms for workers exposed above PEL
• No eating, drinking, applying cosmetics or smoking in work area (only in above)
• Wash hands and face prior to eating and smoking
• Change rooms - separate storage for protective / street clothing
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Hygiene Facilities & Practices
• Lunchrooms/break areas must be separate from work areas
• Employees entering lunchroom/break area must remove surface lead dust from protective clothing prior to entrance
• After showering - no clothing/ equipment worn during shift may be worn home
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Medical SurveillanceParagraph (j)
• Required for all employees - exposed to lead at or above action level for 30 or more days per year
• No cost to employee• Medical surveillance: 2 parts• Medical examination• Biological monitoring- blood lead (PbB) and
zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP)
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Medical Surveillance
• Biological monitoring - required every 6 months for employees exposed above action level
• If PbBs > 40 ug/100g:• monitoring frequency increased to every 2
months• 5 day notification requirement for test
results
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Medical Examinations
• When are medical exams given? yearly, if PbB exceeds 40 ug/100g
• employee assigned for first time to area where lead exceeds AL
• employee experiences symptoms associated with lead poisoning
• seek advice related to reproduction
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Medical Exam Contents
• work history• medical history• personal habits• physical exam• blood pressure• blood sample• urinalysis
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Medical Removal Protection Paragraph (k)
• Employee - removed from work area if blood lead level is at or above 50 ug/100 g
• Return PbB - at or below 40 ug/100 g
• Employee may not be penalized
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Lead TrainingParagraph (l)
• Required for all employees exposed at or above the action level
• Employees who suffer skin & eye irritations from lead
• Training required least annually
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Lead Training Contents Paragraph (l)
• Contents of Standard• Operations of exposure > AL• Respirators• Medical Surveillance• Health Hazards• Compliance Plan• Chelating Agents (EDTA)
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Signs and LabelsParagraph (m)
The employer shall post the following signs where the PEL is exceeded
• WARNING
• LEAD WORK AREA
• POISON
• NO SMOKING OR EATING
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RecordkeepingParagraph (n)
• Complete records - shall be kept for 40 years or employment plus 20 years which ever is longer
• Records - shall be provided upon request to employee or designated representative
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Observation of MonitoringParagraph (o)
Employees or their designated representative (union) may observe any monitoring of employees
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Effective DatesParagraph (p)
This standard became effective March 1, 1979
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AppendicesParagraph (q)
• Appendix A - Substance Data Sheet for Lead
• Appendix B - Employees Standard Summary
• Appendix C - Medical Surveillance Guidelines
• Appendix D - Qualitative Fit Test Protocols
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Lead Health HazardsAppendix A
• Routes of entry– Inhalation - most common
– Ingestion
– Skin absorption - rare
• Similar properties to Calcium
• 90% body burden found in bone & teeth - 1/2 life 27 years
• 10% in the kidneys & liver
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Lead Health HazardsAppendix A
• Short term (acute) overexposure– Acute
• anemia, vomiting• metal fume fever• more common in children• easier to diagnose• treated by chelation
– Severe poisoning is rare• encephalopathy - seizures, coma, possible death
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Lead Health HazardsAppendix A
• Long term (chronic) overexposure• Lead is a cumulative poison• Systemic poison - no known useful function– Symptoms: loss of appetite, metallic taste, anxiety,
constipation, nausea, pallor, excessive tiredness, weakness, insomnia, headache, nervous irritability, muscle and joint pain, numbness, dizziness
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Lead Health Hazards
• Central Nervous System (CNS)• Lead often doesn’t produce any physical symptoms– memory loss– slow reaction time– lower intelligence– shorten attention span– paralysis - “wrist drop”
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Lead Health Hazards
• Blood System– anemia– red blood cell defects
• Kidneys– most important route for excretion
• Reproductive System– both men & women
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Lead Health Hazards
• Lead and children– Small amounts very toxic– Can cause developmental problems & learning disabilities– Ingestion is the most common route of entry– Children absorb about 50% & retain about 30%– Adults absorb about 5-15% & retain <5%
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Lead Sources
• 60% of adult exposure is from food– food should be washed prior to cooking– food cans manufactured in U.S. lead-free
• 30% is from air inhalation• 10% is from water
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Non-Occupational Exposure
• recreational shooting on indoor ranges• pottery making• jewelry making• gunsmithing• glass polishing• stained glass crafting• painting
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Other Uses/Industries
• storage batteries• detonator for explosives• dyes• insecticides• sound dampening• x-ray shielding• match heads