leachate treatment by floating plants in...

LEACHATE TREATMENT BY FLOATING PLANTS IN

CONSTRUCTED WETLAND

THIAN SIAW HUI

A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of

the degree of Master of Engineering (Civil-Environmental Management).

Faculty of Civil Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

November 2005

iii

Dedicated to God;

He makes everything possible and

confirms once again His grace is sufficient…

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I want to thank God for helping me to complete my thesis

project in due time. Thank You for making everything possible and showing Your

grace and Your love in times when I needed it the most.

I also would like to extend my gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Johan Sohaili

for his advices and support. Thank you for correcting me and supporting me

throughout the thesis preparation.

Besides, I want to thank all the lab technicians that helped me a lot especially

in my lab works. Thank you Pak Usop, En Ramli Ismail, En Muzafar and En Ramli

Aris for giving me the help that I needed in my lab works.

Last but for not least, I want to thank the brothers and the sisters in my church

that offers help when I needed it. Thank you for supporting me in prayer. I do

appreciate it. I also want to thank my parents and my sister that stand by my side all

the time. Thank you for the financial support and love for me.

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ABSTRACT

Leachate generation was one of the major concerns of a landfill. Leachate contained high levels of organic and inorganic matters. As the landfill leachate was highly contaminated, leachate could not be discharged directly into the surface water bodies. Therefore, leachate treatment was essential before it was discharged into receiving water. Constructed wetland emerged as one of the potential treatment alternative that employed floating plants to remove pollutants form leachate. In this research, a constructed wetland was developed by using Eichhornia crassipes to treat landfill leachate. Different leachate concentration (100%, 50%, 25%) was studied in the constructed wetland to compare the treatment efficiency in terms of pollutants removal in leachate and the heavy metal uptake by Eicchornia crassipes. The treated leachate was analyzed for nutrient and heavy metal removal. The growth of Eichhornia crassipes was observed and the plants were digested at the end of experiment to study the heavy metal uptake by plant. The results showed that the wetland with 100% leachate concentration was the most efficient in removing BOD (74.04%) and Fe (100%) while wetland of 50% leachate concentration was the most efficient in removing NO3

--N (64.51%) and Mn (53.13%) compared to 25% wetland. The higher the concentration of leachate, the more the plants wilt and this resulted in less accumulation of heavy metal in plants. Eichhornia crassipes had a higher capacity to accumulate Fe and Mn in the roots than in the leaves. At the end of experiments, the pH of the leachate decreased in all wetland regardless of the leachate concentration. pH decrease was due to heavy metal uptake by plants and nitrification process by microorganisms. As a conclusion, this study showed that wetland was efficient in removing BOD and NO3

--N in high leachate concentration. The wetland also posed a great role in removing Fe and Mn through plant uptake.

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ABSTRAK

Penghasilan air larut lesap adalah salah satu isu yang penting di tapak pelupusan sampah. Air larut lesap mengandungi kepekatan bahan organik dan inorganik yang tinggi. Oleh sebab air larut lesap adalah sangat tinggi kontaminasinya, air larut lesap tidak boleh dialirkan secara terus ke permukaan air. Oleh itu, rawatan air larut lesap adalah penting sebelum ia dikeluarkan ke sumber air. Tanah bencah buatan merupakan satu rawatan alternatif yang berpotensi dengan menggunakan tumbuhan terapung untuk menyingkirkan bahan tercemar daripada air larut lesap. Dalam kajian ini, tanah bencah buatan dibangunkan dengan menggunakan Eichhornia crassipes untuk merawat air larut lesap. Kepekatan air larut lesap yang berlainan (100%, 50%, 25%) dikaji di tanah bencah buatan untuk membandingkan keefisienan rawatan dari segi penyingkiran bahan pencemar dalam air larut lesap dan pengambilan logam berat oleh Eicchornia crassipes. Air larut lesap yang dirawat dianalysis untuk penyingkiran nutrien dan logam berat. Pertumbuhan Eicchornia crassipes diperhatikan dan tumbuhan dicernakan setelah eksperimen habis untuk mengkaji pengambilan logam berat oleh tumbuhan. Keputusan menunjukkan tanah bencah buatan dengan 100% kepekatan air larut lesap adalah paling efisien dalam penyingkiran BOD (74.04%) dan Fe (100%) manakala tanah bencah buatan dengan 50% kepekatan air larut lesap adalah paling efisien dalam penyingkiran NO3

--N (64.51%) dan Mn (53.13%) berbanding dengan 25% tanah bencah buatan. Semakin tinggi kepekatan air larut lesap, semakin banyak tumbuhan layu dan ini mengakibatkan lebih sedikit pengumpulan logam berat dalam tumbuhan. Eicchornia crassipes mempunyai kapasiti yang lebih tinggi untuk mengumpul Fe dan Mn dalam akar berbanding dalam daun. Setelah eksperimen habis, pH air larut lesap didapati menurun dalam semua tanah bencah buatan tanpa mengambil kira kepekatan air larut lesap. Penurunan pH adalah disebabkan oleh pengambilan logam berat oleh tumbuhan dan proses nitrifikasi oleh mikroorganisma. Sebagai kesimpulan, kajian ini menunjukkan tanah bencah buatan adalah efisien dalam menyingkirkan BOD dan NO3

--N bagi kepekatan air lesap yang tinggi. Tanah bencah buatan juga memainkan peranan yang penting untuk menyingkirkan Fe dan Mn melalui pengambilan tumbuhan.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

TITLE PAGE i

DECLARATION PAGE ii

DEDICATION PAGE iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLE x

LIST OF FIGURES xi

LIST OF SYMBOLS xiv

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Problem Statement 3

1.3 Objectives of the Study 4

1.4 Scope of the Study 4

1.5 Importance of the Study 5

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 Leachate 6

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2.1.1 Leachate Generation 6

2.1.2 Leachate Composition 8

2.1.3 Leachate Control Strategies 11

2.2 Wetland 12

2.2.1 Natural Wetland 13

2.2.2 Constructed Wetland 14

2.2.3 Types of Constructed Wetland 15

2.2.4 Wetland Plants 18

2.2.5 Wetland Components 20

2.2.6 Wetland Biogeochemistry 23

2.2.7 Mechanisms for Pollutants Removal in Wetland 28

2.2.8 Wetland Disadvantages and Limitation 29

2.2.9 Factors for Wetland Performance Evaluation 30

2.3 Summary of Treatment Performance in Constructed

Wetland

34

3 METHODOLOGY 40

3.1 Set-Up of Wetland for Leachate Treatment 40

3.2 Experimental Analysis 41

3.2.1 Analysis of Leachate 41

3.2.2 Observation of Plant Growth 43

3.2.3 Analysis of Heavy Metals in Plant Tissues 43

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 44

4.1 Introduction 44

4.2 Pollutants Removal in Leachate 44

4.2.1 Chemical 45

4.2.2 Nutrient 48

4.2.3 Heavy Metal 52

4.3 Heavy Metal in Plant’s Tissues 54

4.3.1 Heavy Metal Uptake 55

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4.3.2 Heavy Metal Accumulation 57

4.4 Effect of Leachate Concentration to Plant Growth 59

4.4.1 Physical Appearance of Plants 59

4.4.2 Leaf Length 61

4.5 pH Changes 61

5 CONCLUSION 65

5.1 Conclusion 65

5.2 Recommendations 66

REFERENCES 67

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1 Typical data on the composition of leachate from new and

mature landfills (Tchnobanoglous et al., 1993)

10

2.2 Nitrification and denitrification processes (Kowalk, 2002) 25

2.3 Removal mechanisms in macrophyte-based wastewater

treatment systems (Campbell and Ogden, 1999)

28

2.4 Wastewater pollutants removal in constructed wetland 34

2.5 Leachate pollutants removal in constructed wetland 36

3.1 Characteristics of Eichhornia crassipes (Batcher, 2005) 40

4.1 Amount of partial and complete wilting of plant’s leaves in

different leachate concentration wetlands

59

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1 Four phases of solid waste decomposition

(Tchobanoglous et al., 1993)

9

2.2 Types of FWS wetland (a) Free-floating macrophyte-

based system, (b) Emergent macrophyte-based system

and (c) Submerged macrophyte-based system (Brix,

1993b)

16

2.3 Types of SSF wetland (a) Horizontal subsurface flow

system and (b) Vertical subsurface flow system (Brix,

1993b)

18

2.4 Simplified phosphorus cycle in wetlands (Mitch and

Gosselink, 2000)

26

2.5 Simplified sulfur cycle in wetlands (Mitch and

Gooselink, 2000)

27

4.1 Percentage of BOD removal in control experiment and

different leachate concentration wetlands with exposure

to natural environmental condition and aerated

throughout the experiment

45

4.2 Percentage of COD removal in control experiment and




47

xii

4.3 Percentage of ammonia nitrogen removal in control

experiment and different leachate concentration

wetlands with exposure to natural environmental

condition and aerated throughout the experiment

48

4.4 Percentage of nitrate removal in control experiment and




50

4.5 Percentage of orthophosphate removal in control

experiment and different leachate concentration



51

4.6 Percentage of iron removal in control experiment and




52

4.7 Percentage of manganese removal in control experiment

and different leachate concentration wetlands with

exposure to natural environmental condition and aerated


54

4.8 Iron concentration in plant’s roots and leaves for

different leachate wetlands with exposure to natural

environmental condition and aerated throughout the

experiment

55

4.9 Manganese concentration in plant’s roots and leaves for




56

4.10 Accumulation factor (Af) ratio for Fe concentration in

roots and leaves for different leachate concentration



57

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4.11 Accumulation factor (Af) ratio for Mn concentration in

roots and leaves for different leachate concentration



58

4.12 Physical appearance of plants in a) 25%, b) 50% and c)

100% leachate concentration wetland after one week of

experiment

59


100% leachate concentration wetland after two weeks of

experiment

60


100% leachate concentration wetland after three weeks

of experiment

60


100% leachate concentration wetland after four weeks of

experiment

60

4.16 pH changes over time in different leachate concentration

wetlands throughout the experiment

62

4.17 Effect of heavy metal concentration to pH in 25%

leachate concentration wetland

63

4.18 Effect of nitrate concentration to pH in 50% leachate

concentration wetland

63

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LIST OF SYMBOL

Af - Accumulation factor

Al - Aluminum

AN - Ammonia Nitrogen

BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand

BOD5 - 5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Ca - Calcium

Cd - Cadmium

COD - Chemical Oxygen Demand

Cr - Chromium

Cu - Copper

DMS - Dimethyl sulphide

DO - Dissolved Oxygen

Fe - Ferum

FWS - Free Water Surface

HLR - Hydraulic Loading Rate

HRT - Hydraulic Retention Time

Mg - Magnesium

Mn - Manganese

Ni - Nickel

P - Phosphorus

Pb - Publum

S - Sulfur

SOP - Soluble orthophosphate

SS - Suspended Solid

xv

SSF - SubSurface Flow

TKN - Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen

TOC - Total Organic Carbon

TP - Total Phosphorus

TSS - Total Suspended Solids

VFA - Volatile Fatty Acids

Zn - Zinc

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

The change from an agro-based to an industrial nation, the good health care,

education and better employment opportunities in Malaysia has led to an increase in

the population. Our population has increased rapidly from 6 278 800 in 1957 to an

estimated 25 050 000 in 2005 (DSM, 2005). Thus, the amount of solid wastes

generated in Malaysia also increases rapidly. Kuala Lumpur and Selangor produced

7922 tonnes/day in year 2000, and this will increase to 11 728 tonnes/day in year

2010. For the states of Negeri Sembilan, Melaka and Johor, waste generated for

2000 was 2633 tonnes/day and 3539 tonnes/day are expected by year 2015 (Maseri,

2005). There are different alternatives to reduce, treat and dispose the solid wastes.

However, landfill is still the most common practice for solid waste management.

Sanitary landfill for solid waste management is defined as an engineered method of

disposing of solid wastes on land by spreading them in thin layers, compacting them

to the smallest practical volume, and covering them with soil each working day in a

manner that protects the environment (Brunner and Keller, 1972). There are 230

official dumping sites in Malaysia, the majority of which are crude landfills, with

only 10% providing leachate treatment ponds and gas ventilation systems and with

most having no control mechanisms and supervision (Zaman, 1992).

2

However, the landfill method causes generation of leachate (Galbrand, 2003).

Leachate is defined as liquid that has percolated through solid waste and has

extracted dissolved or suspended materials (EEA, 2005). Leachate occurrence is by

far the most significant threat to ground water. Once it reaches the bottom of the

landfill or an impermeable layer within the landfill, leachate either travels laterally to

a point where it discharges to the ground’s surface as a seep, or it will move through

the base of the landfill and into the subsurface formations (El-Fadel et al., 1997).

Depending upon the nature of these formations and in the absence of a leachate

collection system, leachate has reportedly been associated with the contamination of

aquifers underlying landfills which resulted in extensive investigations for the past

four decades (Albaiges et al., 1986; Mann and Schmadeke, 1986).

Leachate contains high concentration of organic matter, inorganic matter

(sodium chloride and carbonate salt) and heavy metal (Trebouet et al., 2001).

Organic matter in leachate results in decomposition by microorganisms and causes

oxygen depletion in surface water bodies (Schwartz, 2005). This favours anaerobic

conditions which are detrimental for the aquatic life. The anaerobic microflora is

responsible for putrefactive processes which are characterized by the production of

different types of toxic and noxious compounds (ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and

phosphine) as final products of the organic matter degradation. Oxygen deficiency

and toxic substance from anaerobic metabolism cause fish death and impairment of

aquatic life. Heavy metals that are present in leachate are toxic to aquatic and human

lives. Heavy metals are hazardous because they tend to bioaccumulate.

Bioaccumulation means an increase in the concentration of a chemical in a biological

organism over time, compared to the chemical's concentration in the environment

(Lenntech, 2005). The most common heavy metals pollutants in leachate are

mercury, iron, manganese and copper. Large doses of heavy metal can be

detrimental to human health. For example, ingestion of inorganic mercury salts may

cause acute effect in terms of gastrointestinal disorders such as abdominal pain,

vomiting, diarrhea, and hemorrhage (ATSDR, 1989). Repeated and prolonged

exposure of inorganic mercury will result in severe disturbances in the central

nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, and liver. Meanwhile, large doses of

manganese cause apathy, irritability, headaches, insomnia, and weakness of the legs

while the acute toxicity for ingested copper is characterized by abdominal pain,

3

diarrhea, vomiting, tachycardia and a metallic taste in the mouth. Continued

ingestion of copper compounds can cause cirrhosis and other debilitating liver

conditions (Mueller-Hoecker et al., 1989). Therefore, since leachate can affect

aquatic ecosystems and human health, proper leachate treatment is needed before

leachate is discharged into receiving water (Paredes, 2003).

1.2 Problem Statement

The conventional leachate treatment systems are physical-chemical treatment,

recirculation of leachate through landfill and biological treatment (El-Gendy, 2003).

Physical-chemical treatment includes chemical precipitation, chemical oxidation, ion

exchange and reverse osmosis, activated carbon adsorption and ammonia stripping

(Ehrig, 1989). Precipitation in physical-chemical treatment is based on the addition

of some chemicals to remove suspended solids, nitrogen, phosphorus and metal

(Paredes, 2003). Meanwhile, chemical oxidation is effective in removing COD, iron

and colour (Ho et al., 1974). The physical-chemical treatment processes can produce

high quality effluents, adapt to wide variations in flow and chemical composition and

have the ability to remove toxic substances from leachate (Shams-Khorzani et al.,

1994). However, these treatment systems are difficult to operate and require highly

skilled labor besides high capital and operating costs. Some of these processes even

require extensive pretreatment process (Britz, 1995).

As a conclusion, the conventional treatment systems are effective in treating

leachate. However, they require highly skilled labor and involve both high capital

and operating costs. Therefore, constructed wetland was developed for floating

platns (Eichhornia crassipes) as an alternative to treat leachate in this research since

constructed wetland has low cost of construction and maintenance (El-Gendy, 2003).

The type of wetland developed in this research was Free Water Surface (FWS)

wetland with leachate concentration factor being studied.

4

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The objectives of the study are:

(i) To investigate the removal efficiency of BOD, COD, NH4-N, NO3--N,

PO43- and heavy metal (Fe and Mn) for different leachate

concentration (100%, 50%, 25%);

(ii) To study the heavy metal (Fe and Mn) uptake by Eichhornia crassipes in

roots and leaves;

(iii) To study the effect of leachate concentration in the growth of Eichhornia

crassipes.

1.4 Scope of the Study

The scope of study includes set-up of lab-scaled wetland to treat leachate.

The leachate was collected from landfill and initial water quality of the leachate was

analyzed. Then, experiments were conducted separately in constructed wetland:

leachate only as control, 100% leachate, 50% leachate and 25% leachate. All the

experiments in the constructed wetland were aerated and the amount of leachate in

each tank was 7 liters. The efficiency of treatment for different leachate

concentrations was evaluated in terms of water quality parameters (pH, DO, BOD,

COD, NH4-N, NO3--N, PO4

3-) and heavy metal analysis. The heavy metal (Fe, Mn)

by plant uptake was also studied by looking at the heavy metal concentration in plant

leaves and roots. Besides, the effect of leachate concentration on plant growth was

determined in terms of the leaf diameter and the physical appearance of the leaves

throughout the experiments.

5

1.5 Importance of the Study

The research is conducted to evaluate the efficiency of plants to treat

leachate. Phytoremediation is a potential method to treat leachate naturally in low

cost. It is an environmentally friendly approach to remove pollutants from leachate.

Therefore, phytoremediation can be used practically in landfill site to improve the

water quality of leachate. The pretreated leachate in the landfill can be treated with

Eichhornia crassipes before it is discharged into the river.

This research also determines the best leachate concentration for optimum

removal of pollutants through analysis of the parameters. The leachate concentration

plays an important role to ensure that the leachate concentration will neither be too

high nor too low to interfere the efficiency of treatment in constructed wetland.

Besides, the research provides essential information for heavy metal removal

by Eichhornia crassipes. A common method of removing heavy metals from

wastewater has been to mix it with sewage, where conventional primary, secondary

and tertiary treatment would then remove heavy metals (Matagi et al., 1998).

However, secondary and tertiary processes require high input of technology, energy

and chemicals (Tchnobanoglous, 1999). The costs of establishing and maintaining

them with skilled personnel are also very high. Therefore, these treatment processes

are not very attractive or economic. As a result, plant such as Eichhornia crassipes

can provide less costly and environmental friendly method to remove heavy metal

from wastewater. Besides, Eichhornia crassipes can remove and concentrate heavy

metal from large volume of wastewater.

66

compared to the initial concentration (Crites and Tchobanoglous, 1998). Growth of

the plants was only observed in 25% leachate concentration wetland where heavy

metal concentration was not high to affect plant growth. The pH changes in all the

constructed wetland were due to the heavy metal uptake by plants and nitrification by

microorganisms.

5.2 Recommendations

For future work, plant harvesting could be done in the wetland to promote

active growth of the plants, avoid mosquito proliferation and to improve the

efficiency of treatment performance (Mbuligwe, 2005).

Besides, more extensive studies could be conducted for future research in

order to understand more clearly the processes/mechanisms that happen in

constructed wetland. Below are some recommendations for future research:

(i) To study nitrogen, carbon and hydrogen concentration in plant tissues for

different leachate concentration wetlands;

(ii) To use more than one type of plants to treat leachate in constructed

wetland;

(iii) To study leachate treatment efficiency when different number of plants is

introduced in the constructed wetland.

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