layers of the earth - unatego combined layers... · 2017-10-19 · notes layers of earth.notebook 3...
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NOTES Layers of Earth.notebook
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Layers of the Earth
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Layers of the Earth
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How do we know about the different layers of Earth's interior when we've never been there?
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Make a note: These layers are inferred based on seismic (earthquake) data.
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CRUST
Forms the Earth’s outer skin
• Contains ______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
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CRUST
It is 5 – 40 km thick
• Thickest on land – called the:
______________________ _____________
• Made up mostly of ____________________
Continental Crust
Granite
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CRUST
• Thinnest on ocean floor – called the:
______________________ _____________
• Made up mostly of ____________________
Oceanic Crust
Basalt
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CRUST
The _______________ crust is more dense than
the ________________ crust.
oceanic
continental
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CRUST
Density of the ______________ crust is ______________
Density of the ______________ crust is ______________continental
oceanic
2.7 g/cm3
3.0 g/cm3
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Chemical composition:O =Si =Al =Fe =Ca =Na =K =Mg =
CRUST
OxygenSiliconAluminumIronCalciumSodiumPotassiumMagnesium
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MANTLE
Thickest layer of the Earth• 40 km – 2,900 km below the Earth’s surface
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MANTLE
MOHO Discontinuity (surface where seismic waves change velocity)
• Boundary between the _____________ and the ______________
• Discovered by Croatian seismologist Andrija Mohorovicic (~1910)
• Velocity of seismic waves relate to the density of the material they move through (higher density = faster waves)
• Waves accelerate at MOHO
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MANTLE
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MANTLE
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MANTLE
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MANTLE
MOHO Discontinuity (surface where seismic waves change velocity)
• Boundary between the _____________ and the ______________
• Discovered by Croatian seismologist Andrija Mohorovicic (~1910)
• Velocity of seismic waves relate to the density of the material they move through (higher density = faster waves)
• Waves accelerate at MOHO
crust mantle
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MANTLE
Mantle is sub‐divided into three sections:
• Rigid Mantle• Plastic Mantle• Stiffer Mantle
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MANTLE
Rigid Mantle
• Solid layer of very hot rock just below the crust
• The rigid mantle (upper mantle) and ALL of the crust form
the ________________________________
aka
Lithosphere
Greek: "stone / rock"
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MANTLE
Plastic Mantle
• Less viscosity than the rigid mantle
• Viscosity: ___________________________________
• Makes up the ________________________________
resistance to flow
ASTHENOSPHERE
Greek: "weak"
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_____________________ floats on top of ______________________LITHOSPHERE ASTHENOSPHERE
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MANTLE
Stiffer Mantle
• Returns to a more solid mantle all the way to the core
Mantle chemical composition: Si, O, Fe, Mg
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CORE
• Outer (liquid) Core• Inner (solid) Core
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CORE• Outer (liquid) Core: Molten metal of thick
____________ and ____________• 2,900 km to 5,150 km below Earth’s surface
? ?
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?
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CORE• Outer (liquid) Core: Molten metal of thick
____________ and ____________• 2,900 km to 5,150 km below Earth’s surface
iron nickel
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Pressure Section Removed
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Pressure Section Removed
2900 km 5100 km
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Pressure Section Removed
2900 km 5100 km
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CORE• Inner (solid) Core: Dense ball of solid metal
(____________ and ____________)• 5,150 km to 6,371 km below Earth’s surface
iron nickel
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5100 km 6300 km
Oct 1712:30 PM
ESRT Page 10:
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Reference Lines
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Role of Pressure and Temperature
As depth increases:
Pressure and Temperature _________________________increase
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Role of Pressure and Temperature
However, Pressure and Temperature _________________
at ___________________ rates
• Called the Pressure and Temperature _______________________
increase
different
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Role of Pressure and Temperature
However, Pressure and Temperature _________________
at ___________________ rates
• Called the Pressure and Temperature _______________________
increase
differentgradient
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Role of Pressure and Temperature
As Temperature increases faster than Pressure, melting points increase.
• At lower pressure, things melt at ______________ temperatures
Oct 1712:29 PM
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Role of Pressure and Temperature
As Temperature increases faster than Pressure, melting points increase.
• At lower pressure, things melt at ______________ temperatureshigher
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Role of Pressure and Temperature
As Pressure increases faster than Temperature, melting points decrease.
• At higher pressure, things melt at ______________ temperatures
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Oct 1712:29 PM Oct 1712:29 PM
Role of Pressure and Temperature
As Pressure increases faster than Temperature, melting points decrease.
• At higher pressure, things melt at ______________ temperatureslower
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We have a _______________ layered planetdensity
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The Earth has _______ layers
Each layer is identified by their ____________ _____________
The more dense elements settled ________ in the Earth
3chemical composition
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The Earth has _______ layers
Each layer is identified by their ____________ _____________
The more dense elements settled ________ in the Earth
3chemical composition
deeper