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NOTES Layers of Earth.notebook 1 October 19, 2017 Oct 154:00 PM Layers of the Earth Oct 154:00 PM Layers of the Earth Oct 154:00 PM Oct 116:41 AM How do we know about the different layers of Earth's interior when we've never been there? Oct 188:48 AM Make a note: These layers are inferred based on seismic (earthquake) data. Oct 154:00 PM CRUST Forms the Earth’s outer skin Contains ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

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Page 1: Layers of the Earth - Unatego Combined Layers... · 2017-10-19 · NOTES Layers of Earth.notebook 3 October 19, 2017 Oct 154:00 PM MANTLE Thickest layer of the Earth •40 km –

NOTES Layers of Earth.notebook

1

October 19, 2017

Oct 15­4:00 PM

Layers of the Earth

Oct 15­4:00 PM

Layers of the Earth

Oct 15­4:00 PM Oct 11­6:41 AM

How do we know about the different layers of Earth's interior when we've never been there?

Oct 18­8:48 AM

Make a note: These layers are inferred based on seismic (earthquake) data.

Oct 15­4:00 PM

CRUST

Forms the Earth’s outer skin

• Contains       ______________________

             ______________________

     ______________________

     ______________________

Page 2: Layers of the Earth - Unatego Combined Layers... · 2017-10-19 · NOTES Layers of Earth.notebook 3 October 19, 2017 Oct 154:00 PM MANTLE Thickest layer of the Earth •40 km –

NOTES Layers of Earth.notebook

2

October 19, 2017

Oct 15­4:00 PM

CRUST

It is 5 – 40 km thick

• Thickest on land – called the:

______________________  _____________

• Made up mostly of ____________________

Continental Crust

Granite

Oct 15­4:00 PM

CRUST

• Thinnest on ocean floor – called the:

______________________  _____________

• Made up mostly of ____________________

Oceanic Crust

Basalt

Oct 15­4:00 PM

CRUST

The _______________ crust is more dense than 

the ________________ crust.

oceanic

continental

Oct 15­4:00 PM

CRUST

Density of the ______________ crust is ______________

Density of the ______________ crust is ______________continental

oceanic

2.7 g/cm3

3.0 g/cm3

Oct 20­8:36 AM Oct 15­4:00 PM

Chemical composition:O =Si =Al =Fe =Ca =Na =K =Mg =

CRUST

OxygenSiliconAluminumIronCalciumSodiumPotassiumMagnesium

Page 3: Layers of the Earth - Unatego Combined Layers... · 2017-10-19 · NOTES Layers of Earth.notebook 3 October 19, 2017 Oct 154:00 PM MANTLE Thickest layer of the Earth •40 km –

NOTES Layers of Earth.notebook

3

October 19, 2017

Oct 15­4:00 PM

MANTLE

Thickest layer of the Earth• 40 km – 2,900 km below the Earth’s surface

Oct 15­4:00 PM

MANTLE

MOHO Discontinuity (surface where seismic waves change velocity)

•   Boundary between the _____________ and the ______________

•   Discovered by Croatian seismologist Andrija Mohorovicic (~1910)

•   Velocity of seismic waves relate to the density of the material       they move through (higher density = faster waves)

•   Waves accelerate at MOHO

Oct 15­4:00 PM

MANTLE

Oct 15­4:00 PM

MANTLE

Oct 15­4:00 PM

MANTLE

Oct 15­4:00 PM

MANTLE

MOHO Discontinuity (surface where seismic waves change velocity)

•   Boundary between the _____________ and the ______________

•   Discovered by Croatian seismologist Andrija Mohorovicic (~1910)

•   Velocity of seismic waves relate to the density of the material       they move through (higher density = faster waves)

•   Waves accelerate at MOHO

crust mantle

Page 4: Layers of the Earth - Unatego Combined Layers... · 2017-10-19 · NOTES Layers of Earth.notebook 3 October 19, 2017 Oct 154:00 PM MANTLE Thickest layer of the Earth •40 km –

NOTES Layers of Earth.notebook

4

October 19, 2017

Oct 15­4:00 PM

MANTLE

Mantle is sub‐divided into three sections:

• Rigid Mantle• Plastic Mantle• Stiffer Mantle

Oct 15­4:00 PM

MANTLE

Rigid Mantle

•   Solid layer of very hot rock just below the crust

•   The rigid mantle (upper mantle) and ALL of the crust form

       the ________________________________ 

aka

Lithosphere

Greek: "stone / rock"

Oct 15­4:00 PM Oct 15­4:00 PM

MANTLE

Plastic Mantle

•   Less viscosity than the rigid mantle

•   Viscosity: ___________________________________

•   Makes up the ________________________________ 

resistance to flow

ASTHENOSPHERE

Greek: "weak"

Oct 15­4:00 PM Oct 15­4:00 PM

_____________________ floats on top of ______________________LITHOSPHERE ASTHENOSPHERE

Page 5: Layers of the Earth - Unatego Combined Layers... · 2017-10-19 · NOTES Layers of Earth.notebook 3 October 19, 2017 Oct 154:00 PM MANTLE Thickest layer of the Earth •40 km –

NOTES Layers of Earth.notebook

5

October 19, 2017

Oct 15­4:00 PM

MANTLE

Stiffer Mantle

•   Returns to a more solid mantle all the way to the core

Mantle chemical composition:  Si, O, Fe, Mg

Oct 15­4:00 PM

CORE

• Outer (liquid) Core• Inner (solid) Core

Oct 15­4:00 PM

CORE• Outer (liquid) Core: Molten metal of thick 

____________ and ____________• 2,900 km to 5,150 km below Earth’s surface 

? ?

Oct 15­4:00 PM

?

Oct 15­4:00 PM

CORE• Outer (liquid) Core: Molten metal of thick 

____________ and ____________• 2,900 km to 5,150 km below Earth’s surface 

iron nickel

Oct 15­4:00 PM

Pressure Section Removed

Page 6: Layers of the Earth - Unatego Combined Layers... · 2017-10-19 · NOTES Layers of Earth.notebook 3 October 19, 2017 Oct 154:00 PM MANTLE Thickest layer of the Earth •40 km –

NOTES Layers of Earth.notebook

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October 19, 2017

Oct 15­4:00 PM

Pressure Section Removed

2900 km 5100 km

Oct 15­4:00 PM

Pressure Section Removed

2900 km 5100 km

Oct 15­4:00 PM

CORE• Inner (solid) Core: Dense ball of solid metal 

(____________ and ____________)• 5,150 km to 6,371 km below Earth’s surface 

iron nickel

Oct 15­4:00 PM

5100 km 6300 km

Oct 17­12:30 PM

ESRT Page 10:

Oct 17­12:29 PM

Reference Lines

Page 7: Layers of the Earth - Unatego Combined Layers... · 2017-10-19 · NOTES Layers of Earth.notebook 3 October 19, 2017 Oct 154:00 PM MANTLE Thickest layer of the Earth •40 km –

NOTES Layers of Earth.notebook

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October 19, 2017

Oct 17­12:29 PM Oct 17­12:29 PM

Oct 17­12:29 PM Oct 17­12:29 PM

Oct 17­12:29 PM Oct 17­12:29 PM

Page 8: Layers of the Earth - Unatego Combined Layers... · 2017-10-19 · NOTES Layers of Earth.notebook 3 October 19, 2017 Oct 154:00 PM MANTLE Thickest layer of the Earth •40 km –

NOTES Layers of Earth.notebook

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October 19, 2017

Oct 17­12:29 PM Oct 17­12:29 PM

Role of Pressure and Temperature

As depth increases:

Pressure and Temperature _________________________increase

Oct 17­12:29 PM Oct 17­12:29 PM

Role of Pressure and Temperature

However, Pressure and Temperature _________________

at ___________________ rates

•   Called the Pressure and Temperature _______________________

increase

different

Oct 17­12:29 PM Oct 17­12:29 PM

Role of Pressure and Temperature

However, Pressure and Temperature _________________

at ___________________ rates

•   Called the Pressure and Temperature _______________________

increase

differentgradient

Page 9: Layers of the Earth - Unatego Combined Layers... · 2017-10-19 · NOTES Layers of Earth.notebook 3 October 19, 2017 Oct 154:00 PM MANTLE Thickest layer of the Earth •40 km –

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9

October 19, 2017

Oct 17­12:29 PM Oct 17­12:29 PM

Oct 17­12:29 PM Oct 17­12:29 PM

Oct 17­12:29 PM

Role of Pressure and Temperature

As Temperature increases faster than Pressure, melting points increase.

•   At lower pressure, things melt at ______________ temperatures

Oct 17­12:29 PM

Page 10: Layers of the Earth - Unatego Combined Layers... · 2017-10-19 · NOTES Layers of Earth.notebook 3 October 19, 2017 Oct 154:00 PM MANTLE Thickest layer of the Earth •40 km –

NOTES Layers of Earth.notebook

10

October 19, 2017

Oct 17­12:29 PM Oct 17­12:29 PM

Role of Pressure and Temperature

As Temperature increases faster than Pressure, melting points increase.

•   At lower pressure, things melt at ______________ temperatureshigher

Oct 17­12:29 PM

Role of Pressure and Temperature

As Pressure increases faster than Temperature, melting points decrease.

•   At higher pressure, things melt at ______________ temperatures

Oct 17­12:29 PM

Oct 17­12:29 PM Oct 17­12:29 PM

Role of Pressure and Temperature

As Pressure increases faster than Temperature, melting points decrease.

•   At higher pressure, things melt at ______________ temperatureslower

Page 11: Layers of the Earth - Unatego Combined Layers... · 2017-10-19 · NOTES Layers of Earth.notebook 3 October 19, 2017 Oct 154:00 PM MANTLE Thickest layer of the Earth •40 km –

NOTES Layers of Earth.notebook

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October 19, 2017

Oct 17­12:29 PM Oct 17­12:29 PM

Oct 17­12:29 PM Oct 17­12:29 PM

We have a _______________ layered planetdensity

Oct 17­12:29 PM Oct 17­12:29 PM

The Earth has _______ layers

Each layer is identified by their ____________ _____________

The more dense elements settled ________ in the Earth

3chemical composition

Page 12: Layers of the Earth - Unatego Combined Layers... · 2017-10-19 · NOTES Layers of Earth.notebook 3 October 19, 2017 Oct 154:00 PM MANTLE Thickest layer of the Earth •40 km –

NOTES Layers of Earth.notebook

12

October 19, 2017

Oct 17­12:29 PM

The Earth has _______ layers

Each layer is identified by their ____________ _____________

The more dense elements settled ________ in the Earth

3chemical composition

deeper