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Layered ISR USAF Investment for the Joint Team Michael Isherwood Colonel, USAF (Ret)

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Page 1: Layered ISR USAF Investment for the Joint Team• USAF Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) forces are challenged to – Provide accurate and timely strategic warning

Layered ISRUSAF Investment for the Joint Team

Michael Isherwood

Colonel, USAF (Ret)

Page 2: Layered ISR USAF Investment for the Joint Team• USAF Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) forces are challenged to – Provide accurate and timely strategic warning

The Mitchell Institute for Airpower Studies is an independent, non‐profit research, studies, and analysis organization founded by the Air Force Association. The Institute seeks to carry on, in the modern day, General Mitchell’s tireless and dedicated effort to expand airpower thinking and increase public awareness of the need for this unique military instrument.

The Mitchell Institute

http://www.afa.org/mitchell/

Page 3: Layered ISR USAF Investment for the Joint Team• USAF Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) forces are challenged to – Provide accurate and timely strategic warning

Issue

• USAF Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) forces are challenged to– Provide accurate and timely strategic warning for developing events– Provide detailed tactical information to guide immediate operations

“Find, Fix, Target, Track, Engage and Assess”

• Layering of Airborne ISR forces maximizes the accuracy and timeliness of information– HUMINT, SIGINT, MTI, MASINT, CYBINT…no single discipline provides all 

the data– Collectively…create a ‘mosaic of information’

• Airborne ISR forces are ideally suited to serve as effective and efficient provide

The definition of the Combat Air Force is more than just fighters and bombersCAF Master Plan 2010

Page 4: Layered ISR USAF Investment for the Joint Team• USAF Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) forces are challenged to – Provide accurate and timely strategic warning

Trends in USAF Airborne ISR‐ Post Vietnam to Iraq/Afghanistan

1975• Fixed targets and attack plan

• Focused/limited battlefield• Line of sight communications• Contested airspace • Primarily manned reconnaissance aircraft

• Limited time over target• Single sensor/”INT” per aircraft 

4

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

4.6% 3.0% 4.3% 4.5% % of USAF Budget

2005  • Mobile targets and dynamic attack plan

• Dispersed/expanded battlefield                      • Satellite/Beyond line of Sight Communications• Permissive airspace

• Manned/Unmanned Reconnaissance Systems– Sensor miniaturization– Global Positioning System

• Persistent “Stare”

• Multiple sensor/”INTs” per aircraft

Active

Reserve

Guard

Num

ber of aircraft

Page 5: Layered ISR USAF Investment for the Joint Team• USAF Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) forces are challenged to – Provide accurate and timely strategic warning

Trends in USAF Airborne ISR‐ Post Vietnam to Iraq/Afghanistan

5

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

4.6% 3.0% 4.3% 4.5% % of USAF Budget

Active

Reserve

Guard

Num

ber of aircraft

2015  • Mobile targets and dynamic attack plan

• Dispersed/expanded battlefield                      • Satellite/Beyond line of Sight Communications• Non‐Permissive and Contested airspace

• Manned/Unmanned Reconnaissance Systems– Sensor miniaturization– Global Positioning System

• Persistent “Stare”

• Multiple sensor/”INTs” per aircraft• Data storage, retrieval and integration

1975• Fixed targets and attack plan

• Focused/limited battlefield• Line of sight communications• Contested airspace • Primarily manned reconnaissance aircraft

• Limited time over target• Single sensor/”INT” per aircraft 

Page 6: Layered ISR USAF Investment for the Joint Team• USAF Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) forces are challenged to – Provide accurate and timely strategic warning

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

5,000

FY00 FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09

Adversaries “are reacting to our ability to hit anything‐anywhere.  Consequently, finding the enemy has moved to the forefront of USAF operations.”

USAF ISR Strategy 2010

Trends in USAF Airborne ISR‐ 21st Century

Page 7: Layered ISR USAF Investment for the Joint Team• USAF Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) forces are challenged to – Provide accurate and timely strategic warning

USAF Airborne ISR Investment and Plans‐ Today and Future

2010

RC‐135COMINT/ELINT

E‐8MTI/SAR Imagery

U‐2/SYERSCOMINT/ELINT/EO/IR

U‐2/ASARSCOMINT/ELINT/SAR Imagery

RQ‐4/B10EO/IR/SAR Imagery

2020

7

Thea

ter

= 24/7 Orbit

Tact

ical

MC‐12COMINT/Day TV (FMV)/IR

MQ‐1Day TV(FMV)/IR

MQ‐9Day TV (FMV)/IR

RC‐135COMINT/ELINT

E‐8MTI/SAR Imagery

RQ‐4/B30COMINT/ELINT/EO/IR/SAR Imagery/MTI

RQ‐4/B40MTI/SAR Imagery

MC‐12COMINT/Day TV (FMV)/IR

MQ‐1Day TV(FMV)/IR

MQ‐9Day TV (FMV)/IR 

COMINT

Page 9: Layered ISR USAF Investment for the Joint Team• USAF Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) forces are challenged to – Provide accurate and timely strategic warning

9

Layering ISR‐Maximizing Awareness of the Battlespace

Requirements           Who     What     Where    When     Why

SIGINT                       X           X X Now &       XFuture

IMINT                        X  X Now

MASINT                        X    X Now

MTI                    X    X Now    

HUMINT                  X          X X Now &       XFuture

Layering ISR assets provides precise data:‐Where (geo‐location)‐When (timing)‐ Accuracy (speed, signal type, characterization, picture, etc)

Commander’s seek to understand…Who threatens them…with What …Where … When …Why

CYBINT                            X          X X Now &       XFuture

Page 10: Layered ISR USAF Investment for the Joint Team• USAF Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) forces are challenged to – Provide accurate and timely strategic warning

Theater Level ISR Capability‐ Synergies between Surveillance and Reconnaissance

10

• In an uncertain environment, layering theater‐ and tactical‐level ISR forces allows maximum opportunity to find(detect) then fix (target/track) hostile forces

• Find – Wide Area Surveillance (WAS)– Sustained monitoring (persistence) is vital as no single source will detect all warnings/activities

– Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) and Ground Movement Target Intelligence (GMTI)  are primary WAS capabilities– WAS Aircraft

o Joint STARS (Ground MTI)o Rivet Joint (SIGINT)o U‐2 (SIGINT)o Global Hawk B30/40 (SIGINT/MTI)

• Fix – Precise Reconnaissance (Recon)– Provides precise data for targeting– Fleeting nature of targets demands persistence

– Recon Aircraft – WAS aircraft plus:o Predatoro Reapero MC‐12 Project Liberty

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 x MQ‐1 2 x MQ‐1 3 x MQ‐1 4 x MQ‐1

WAS technology makes electro‐optical/infra‐red capabilities relevant

Wide Area Surveillance (E-8/Global Hawk) and Precise Recon (Predator) combined

Precise Recon (Predator) alone

% o

f tar

gets

foun

d/tr

acke

d

40 nm x 40 nm area

Page 11: Layered ISR USAF Investment for the Joint Team• USAF Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) forces are challenged to – Provide accurate and timely strategic warning

Building a Mosaic of Information‐ HUMINT

• Human Intelligence – oldest form of Intelligence– Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy – Cold War Spy

– Interrogations

– Human Terrain Teams

– Ground Patrol reports and interaction

• Understand the society and culture– Power Brokers

– Motivations

• Airborne Sensor…Full Motion Video?

• Advantages

• Limitations

“Useful intelligence is most often obtained through personal contact with the population.  This puts a disproportionate level of importance on HUMINT”

US Army Major with Iraq experience

Page 12: Layered ISR USAF Investment for the Joint Team• USAF Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) forces are challenged to – Provide accurate and timely strategic warning

Building a Mosaic of Information‐ HUMINT

Page 13: Layered ISR USAF Investment for the Joint Team• USAF Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) forces are challenged to – Provide accurate and timely strategic warning

Building a Mosaic of Information‐ SIGINT

• Signals Intelligence– Communications Intercepts

– Electronic Intercepts

– Wide Area and Spot Reconnaissance

• Wide Area– RC‐135

– U‐2 with RAS‐1

– Global Hawk with ASIP

– MC‐12

• Tactical reconnaissance

• Advantages

• Limitations

Page 14: Layered ISR USAF Investment for the Joint Team• USAF Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) forces are challenged to – Provide accurate and timely strategic warning

Building a Mosaic of Information‐ HUMINT + SIGINT

Page 15: Layered ISR USAF Investment for the Joint Team• USAF Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) forces are challenged to – Provide accurate and timely strategic warning

Building a Mosaic of Information‐Moving Target Indicator

• Moving Target Indictor (or Intelligence)– Radial Acceleration of an object

• Airborne MTI– E‐3 AWACS

– E‐2

• Ground MTI– E‐8

– Global Hawk Block 40

– MQ‐9

• Advantages

• Limitations

Page 16: Layered ISR USAF Investment for the Joint Team• USAF Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) forces are challenged to – Provide accurate and timely strategic warning

Building a Mosaic of Information‐Moving Target Indicator

Page 17: Layered ISR USAF Investment for the Joint Team• USAF Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) forces are challenged to – Provide accurate and timely strategic warning

Building a Mosaic of Information‐ Imagery

• Visual Imagery (EO)

• Infrared Imagery (IR)

• Full Motion Video (FMV)

• Radar Imagery

• Advantages

• Limitations

Page 18: Layered ISR USAF Investment for the Joint Team• USAF Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) forces are challenged to – Provide accurate and timely strategic warning

Building a Mosaic of Information‐ HUMINT + SIGINT + MTI + Imagery

Page 19: Layered ISR USAF Investment for the Joint Team• USAF Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) forces are challenged to – Provide accurate and timely strategic warning

Building a Mosaic of Information‐MASINT

• Measurement and Signature Intelligence – Technically derived intelligence that detects, locates, tracks, 

identifies and describes the specific signatures of fixed and dynamic target sources 

– Includes radar, laser, optical, IR, acoustic and often samplings of the electro‐magnetic and atmospheric mediums to identify and characterize objects and targets

• Typical sensors– Multi‐Spectral Imaging

– Hyper‐Spectral Imaging

• Advantages

• Limitations

Page 20: Layered ISR USAF Investment for the Joint Team• USAF Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) forces are challenged to – Provide accurate and timely strategic warning

Building a Mosaic of Information‐ HUMINT + SIGINT + MTI + Imagery + MASINT

Page 21: Layered ISR USAF Investment for the Joint Team• USAF Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) forces are challenged to – Provide accurate and timely strategic warning

Building a Mosaic of Information‐ CYBINT

• Cyber Intelligence– Traditionally viewed as ground based, 

computer attack

– A form of Electronic Attack

• Potential airborne sensors– Advanced Electronically Scanned Arrays 

– EC‐130 Compass Call  

• Advantages

• Limitations

Page 22: Layered ISR USAF Investment for the Joint Team• USAF Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) forces are challenged to – Provide accurate and timely strategic warning

Building a Mosaic of Information‐ HUMINT + SIGINT + MTI + Imagery + MASINT + CYBINT

Page 23: Layered ISR USAF Investment for the Joint Team• USAF Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) forces are challenged to – Provide accurate and timely strategic warning

Who What  Where When Why Assets

WAS Recon WAS Recon WAS Recon WAS Recon WAS Recon

SIGINT Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes RC‐135, U‐2, MC‐12, Global Hawk

MTI Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes E‐8, GH, MQ‐1/9

IMINT Yes Yes Yes U‐2, Global Hawk, MC‐12, MQ‐1/9

MASINT Yes Yes Yes Multiple

CYBINT Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Multiple

HUMINT Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Multiple

Layering ISR‐Maximizing Awareness of the Battlespace

Page 24: Layered ISR USAF Investment for the Joint Team• USAF Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) forces are challenged to – Provide accurate and timely strategic warning

0

10

20

30

40

50

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100

SIGINT MTI FMV

0

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4000

SIGINT 

Thou

sand

sof

nm

2

0

50

100

150

MTI

Thou

sand

sof

nm

2

0

500

1000

1500

2000

FMV hours

USAF Investment in Airborne ISR*‐ 2010 to 2020

Num

ber of Orbits

20102020

*As of 2011

Page 25: Layered ISR USAF Investment for the Joint Team• USAF Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) forces are challenged to – Provide accurate and timely strategic warning

Building a Mosaic of Information‐ Pulling it all together

Date Time Data GEO-LOCATION Source Item1/8/2010 5:18 PM Haqqani  l ieutenant tells  XX in Village X to start getting ready 33 16 20N/70 13 39E MC‐12  11/8/2010 7:57 AM Vil lage Y farmer complains  of foreign fighters  taking l ivestock 33 18 02N/69 53 18E MC‐12 21/9/2010 1:50 AM UNK requests  status  report 33 19 50N  /69 55 41E U‐2 31/9/2010 4:14 PM UNK reports  watching coalition forces  from ridge 33 21 44N/70 06 24E MC‐12 41/9/2010 10:27 PM PP tel ls  DD to make the meeting tonight 33 22 17N/70 05 18E MC‐12  51/9/2010 10:26 PM UNK tel l  ZZZ to be ready next 3 days   33 23 17N/69 50 45E U‐2  61/9/2010 4:57 PM Vil lager B calls  to say he's  glad Taliban have not been around 33 04 47N/70 20 09E MC‐12  71/9/2010 8:36 AM  Haqqani  operative tells  GG to report on weapon status  by tonight 33 18 41N/70 04 06E U‐2  81/9/2010 11:45 AM UNK warns  GG about coalition forces  in area 33 21 29N/70 09 54E U‐2  91/10/2010 2:17 AM TT wants  to know whe WW has  seen tonight 33 21 08N /69 37 18E U‐2 101/10/2010 2:17 PM UNK reports  4 coaltion force vehicles  moving on road 33 19 23N/69 48 42E MC‐12 111/10/2010 9:09 AM UNK tel ls  HH to be ready for the party tonight 33 17 32N/69 56 09E U‐2  121/10/2010 12:16 pm FF, villager leader, tel ls  unk that Taliban left two dozen night letters 33 14 27N/69 55 09E U‐2  131/10/2010 5:15 pm UNK reports  explosives  in short supply 33 14 39N/69 17 17E U‐2 141/11/2010 12:32 AM UNK tel ls  XX to be ready in 2 hours 33 16 16N /69 59 18E MC‐12 151/11/2010 2:16 AM XX reports  ready 33 23 07N/69 56 15E MC‐12 16

SIGINT

Date Time Data GEO-LOCATION Source Item

1/8/2010 2:15 AM GMTI monitors multiple roads , suspect activities  33 21 29N/69 56 17E P‐3 11/8/2010 2:50 AM DMTI monitors fields north of base, track suspects 33 22 01N/69 57 16E P‐3 21/9/2010 7:25 AM Ambush area/vicinity monitored/blue forces tracked 33 17 55N/70 06 28E E‐8  31/9/2010 9:25 AM Suspect compound monitored 33 18  22N/70 05 48E E‐8  41/9/2010 10:01 AM Monitored road activity during convoy transit 33 21 15N/69 58 15E E‐8  51/9/2010 11:50 AM Monitored suspect compound and vicinity 33 26 58N/ 69 58 16E E‐8  61/10/2010 4:50 AM GMTI monitors road network for vehicles 33 19 45N/70 58 55E E‐8  71/10/2010 11:06 AM DMTI detects a dozen tracks 33 13 50N/70 04 10E P‐3 81/10/2010 10:55 PM DMTI detects 6 individuals near border 33 26 25N/70 14 56E E‐8  91/11/2010 2:33 AM DMTI detects 40 tracks moving south 33 23 07N/69 56 15E E‐8  10

MTI

How does the Warfighter merge this information into the coherent picture?

Page 26: Layered ISR USAF Investment for the Joint Team• USAF Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) forces are challenged to – Provide accurate and timely strategic warning

• Targets hidden by natural or man‐made obscurants– Trees / foliage, camouflage nets, thin skinned buildings– Improvised Explosive Devices (IED), Weapons of Mass Destruction 

(WMD), and Counter Drug targets• Research indicates multiple sensor types are needed• Candidate technologies include

– Foliage penetration radar (FOPEN)– Hyperspectral Imaging– Laser Imaging (LIDAR)– Improved Full‐Motion Video (FMV)

• Must be able to store, retrieve and fuse data inside the enemy’s decision or movement cycle

• Survivability

Challenges for Airborne ISR‐ Sensors and Aircraft

Page 27: Layered ISR USAF Investment for the Joint Team• USAF Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) forces are challenged to – Provide accurate and timely strategic warning

Challenges for Airborne ISR‐ Turning Data into coherency

AF/A‐2“We’re going to find ourselves in the not too distant future swimming in sensors and drowning in data.”

Commander, 3rd Fleet“The volume and diversity of reporting produced by the US Intelligence Community has expanded to the point where even most experienced analysts are no longer able to easily discriminate actionable intelligence from an enormous volume of background information.”

Page 28: Layered ISR USAF Investment for the Joint Team• USAF Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) forces are challenged to – Provide accurate and timely strategic warning

• Layering of Intelligence data vital to ‘create a picture’

• All disciplines of intelligence are valued…– HUMINT can offer unique insights

• Air Component’s ISR force provides– Persistence

– Penetration into hostile areas 

– Reduced risk to the Joint Team

Summary

Commanders make decision based on 100% of the available information……even if it’s only 50% of all information