Laws of Thermodynamics

Week 2-3Dr. Thornton

OAPB

Thermo-heatDynamics- changing (not static)

Laws of Thermodynamics

Work= FxdWork= force x distance

Energy is moved or transformed

Laws of Thermodynamics

Laws of Thermodynamics

Energy• Energy is the ability to bring about change or to

do work. Thermodynamics is the study of energy.

heat, light, chemical energy, and electrical energy.

• The total amount of energy and matter in the Universe remains constant,

• Merely changing from one form to another.

The First Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation) states that: energy is always conserved, it cannot be created or destroyed.

In essence, energy can be converted from one form into another.

Laws of Thermodynamics

Laws of Thermodynamics• The Second Law of Thermodynamics

For any system, over time, disorder tends to increase

• This is also commonly referred to as entropy.

• Entropy-measure of disorder in a system

• System- collection of two or more parts interacting

Laws of Thermodynamics

• Equilibrium- means a state of balance

• State of thermodynamic equilibrium, – there are no net flows of matter or of energy,– no phase changes, and – no unbalanced potentials (or driving forces), within

the system.

• A system that is in thermodynamic equilibrium– experiences no changes when it is isolated from its

surroundings.

Thermodynamic Equillibrium

Closed system-energy does not go in or out of the system

Laws of Thermodynamics

Is this possible?

• Open system-cannot reach equillibrium– This violates the second law (e.g. hurricanes order

vapor and pressures, but what does this do?)

Laws of Thermodynamics

• Fluids (liquid or gas)• Lie in cells/how cells transport energy

• Isosmotic-same

• Hypersmotic-one solution has greater water concentration than the other

• Hyposmotic-one solution has a lower water concentration thant the other

Gradient Energy

• Reproduce• Growth• Metabolize• Pollute or produce waste• Respond to environment

(same as Chapter one pg 9)

Properties of Life

Biological Organization

• Cells-fundamental unit of life

• Colony-colonizaiton of cells (can live outsde of colony)

• Multicellular organisms-cannot live outside organism; welfare of the whole organism outweighs the welfare of a single cell

Biological Organization

Apoptosis-programmed cell suicide– Hair, skin, neurons in young teens

Biological Organizaiton

• Tissue-collection of cells with a common function

• Organs-collection of tissues with a common function

• Organ system-group of organs working in a system together

Biological Organizaiton

• Organ supersystems-systems w/smaller subsystems

• Ecosystem-includes aspects of the environment that organisms live in; contains living and non-living components

Reactions

Exergonic-Ex (ouside)- releases energy

Reactions

Energonic-En- Inside-energy is absorbed

How does all this relate to cells and biology?

• Cell membranes• Sharks in freshwater• Freshwater fish in salt water• Egg in salt water• Endergonic vs exergonic• Thermodynamics• Na+ K+ pump