law, politics and the use of force

7/25/2019 Law, Politics and the Use of Force

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LAW, POLITICS,

AND THE USE OFFORCE


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OutlineI. Just war doctrine

II. War in the twentieth century and theevolution of doctrines of use of force

III. Regulation of the right to resort to force

A. The League of Nations Covenant

. The !ellogg"riand #act $%&'()

C. The Charter of the *nited Nations $%&+,)%. -utlaws wars of aggression

'. Collective security

. Recogni/es the right of self"defense

+. What a0out antici1atory self"defense2$34a51le6 the invasion of Ira7)

I8. What influences nor5s regarding the use offorce2


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I. Just War

9octrine

Jus ad ellu5


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Just War Doctrine/Theory

Elements

Legitimate authority

Just cause

Proportional response

Right intention


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II. War in the ':th

Century

Warsaw, September 1939Warsaw, September 1939..


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War in the late

20th/21stCentury

Reluctance to declare war

International versus civil war

Involve5ent of non"state entities


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Evolution of theDoctrine

-0vious difficulties with JWT for the ':th

century

;ro5 Just to #er5issi0le

Toward a an on -ffensive Wars


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III. Legal Regulation ofthe Right to Resort to

Force

Institutions

Principles


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The League of NationsCovenant

Art. 10: League5e50ers to 1reserveterritorial integrity and1olitical inde1endenceof all 5e50ers fro5e4ternal aggression.

Arts. 12-156 Restrictedthe rights of 5e50ersto resort to war

-0ligated the 5e50ersto avoid non"warhostilities.

Muzzled from the Literary Digest91319


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The ellogg !rian"#act $1%2&'$The #aris


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The (N Charter

Article 2(4):5e50ers agree to...refrain fro5 the threat or use of

force against the territorial integrity

or 1olitical inde1endence of any

state.

Article 33-386 o0ligate 5e50ers to

see= 1eaceful solutions to dis1utes.


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(N Charter )utla*s Wars of+ggression

hapter !""# Article

$%6 e51owers the

>ecurity Council tores1ond to acts of

aggression.

FIRS S!SSI"# "F $! %#

S!&%RI' &"%#&I( )(ondon,

17*1*+-.


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What is ,+ggression-.

*se of ar5ed force 0y astate

;irst use of force

Activities that constituteaggression

#lus what the >ecurityCouncil 5ay deter5ine

>tate res1onsi0ility

FIRS S!SSI"# "F $! !#!RA(

ASS!/0(')(ondon, 1*1*+-.


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The ':: *se of ;orce Against Ira76 A

Continuation of Collective >ecurity2

A Cha1ter 8II actionste55ing fro5 Ira7?s%&&: attac= on !uwait2

Justified 0y co51ulsory>ecurity CouncilResolutions ado1ted0etween %&&:"'::2

>o5e =ey >C resolutions6

@@: $August %&&:)

@( $Nove50er %&&:)

@( $A1ril %&&%)

%++% $Nove50er '::')


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Ehaustion of #eaceful

Ree"ies Negotiate in good faith ;or how long2

Bow to do this in the case of

terroris52


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The Right to elfDefense

Article 51 of the *NCharter6 recogni/esan inherent right ofcollective self"

defense of 5e50erstates againstar5ed attac=.

1991 %# IRA3K%4AI

"0S!R5!R /ISSI"#. 0urning oil

wells and a destro6ed Irai tan.Kuwait, 2*:*91.


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Anticipatory &el'-(e'ense

Clear and 1resent danger of

aggression.

No alternatives


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Antici1atory >elf"9efense and

the Invasion of Ira7 New conditions6 the

1ro0le5 of wea1ons of

ass destruction Custo5ary

international law

#ractice Justifies a

refor5ulated test
http://www.un.org/av/photo/sc/images/une1818.jpg


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#ro3ortionality of 4eans

to En"sThe states interest hasto 0e serious enough toDustify war as a 5eans.

ust a11ly force1ro1ortionally

4orld rade owers, 21

0aghdad, 2:


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uary

Current rules are influenced 0y Dust wardoctrineE 0ut with 5ore e51hasis onli5iting war than ensuring Dustice.

'%st century wars are difficult to regulate

through traditional international law The resort to force is no longer

considered an inherent as1ect of statesovereignty

>elf"defense is the only legiti5ate reasonfor going to war under the *N Charter.


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Than= Fou

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