lauritz b. holm-nielsen, rector world bank knowledge economy forum, prague, march 29, 2006 the...

THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, RectorWorld Bank Knowledge Economy Forum, Prague, March 29,

2006

THE TRIPLE HELIXUniversities in the NIS -

the Latin American example



2006

Knowledge is a critical determinant of economic growth and quality of life

Knowledge is transformed into goods and services through a country’s NIS

Trained human brains are the most effective movers of knowledge

Good science is international and often interdisciplinary



2006

ChallengeNISResponseTriple helix



2006

The challenge



2006

Composition of the global market for goods

1980

Varios1%

Otros productos primarios

34%

Con base en

recursos11%

Baja tecnología

21%

Media tecnología

22%

Alta tecnología

11% 2000

Low technology

18%

Resource based11%

Other primary

products13%

Miscellaneous4%

Medium technology

32%

High technology

22%



2006

Global hubs of technological innovation

Source: Hillner (2000) and UNDP (2001)



2006

Increased demand for knowledgeSource: Blom; Holm-Nielsen and Verner (2001)

Brazil

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998Tertiary Upper secondary Primary Lower secondary



2006

Country.shpNot available1 - 34 - 89 - 1920 - 83

Source: see Annex 1, Secretariat calculations based on Cohen and Soto (2001) for highly skilled stocks in countries of origin.

Map 1. Percentage of expatriates to OECD countries among all highly skilled born in the country

Some European countries, ad especially the Caribbean and Africa, face significant emigration rates of their elites (sometimes exceeding 50%)Source: OECD, Trends in International Migrations 2004



2006

Scientists and engineers in R&D(per million people)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Source: World Development Indicators



2006

Source: RICYT (2003) and OCDE (2002)

OECD

Investment in R&D in percent of GDPG

ross

Dom

esti

c E

xpen

ditu

re o

n R

&D

as

% o

f G

DP

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

PeruColombia

Venezuela Mexico ArgentinaChile

Brazil



2006

Low level of R&D in private sector

Public38%

Private62%

Private34%

Public66%

Investment in R&D by sector in LAC (2000)

Investment in R&D by sector in OECD (2000)

Source: RICYT (2003) and OCDE (2002)



2006

An OECD country comparator R&D finance in Denmark, 1997 - 2003

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

1997 1999 2001 2003

The Danish corporatesectorPublic

Foreign business

Other sources



2006

Knowledge transfer between research entities and companies

Inward orientation of researchers

Lack of incentives to commercialize research and solve real-life problems

Red tape impeding partnerships and cross-sectoral mobility

Source: IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 2004

0,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

6,0

7,0

8,0

9,0

Mexico Venezuela Brazil Argentina Colombia Chile Sw eden Australia Finland



2006

NIS National Innovation System



2006

PrivateUniversities

PublicUniversities

Technologyinstitutes

Private Sector

International networks

R&D Institutes

NationalInnovationSystem

Government

Ministry ofEducation

Ministry ofEnvironment

Ministry of Health

Ministry of Defense

Meeting the challenge: StrengthenNational Innovation Systems

Challenges in LAC-NIS: Insufficient coherence in sector

policies

Low stock of researchers

Low R&D expenditure

Limited private sector involvement R&D

Deficient participation international networks

Low quality of research

Insufficient access to risk capital

IPRVenture capital



2006

…but tensions in university-industry relationship

Diversity of missions Public goods - private property Spining off human capital - developing

human resources Individual knowledge - corporate know

how



2006

The policy response in LAC



2006

Triple helixuniversities as drivers for change, strengthen cohesion in the helix

A -- teachingB -- research C -- knowledge transfer



2006

Reorganizing HE in Latin American NIS´Towards a market for HE and R&D, stimulating

demand and supply

More effective financing of study programs (A) More competition for increased R&D funding (B) More direct contracting for services (C)

Prerequisite to: strengthen institutions (universities and laboratories); increase economic and legal space for leadership; create strategic management capacity of universities



2006

University governance

Decentralization, autonomy with accountability

Form strategic management Build competitive funding Managing system linkages Promoting human networks



2006

New funding schemes

Funding for teaching follows productivity (quality and quantity) via formulas or performance contracts

Balancing public funding for research, between direct and competitive including overhead

Contracts to respond to Government demand Contracts to support knowledge transfer Grants and contracts should be large and

multi year.



2006

Capitalization of knowledgepromoting university-industry linkages

Informal contacts and contract research Mobility of human capital, active networks Research clusters, science parks, and

public-private research partnerships Intellectual property and spinn-off

companies Financing proof of concept and venture

capital



2006

The triple helix at work



2006

The case of Chile shows… if university culture change

rapid expansion of formation of advanced human capital is possible (A)

right conditions stimulates repatriation of highly skilled people - reversing brain drain (A, B)

targetted funding structures for the NIS stimulates conditions for catching-up (B)

strategic linkages enables the private sector to turn science into innovation and business(C)



2006

Thanks for the invitation

[email protected]

lauritz b. holm-nielsen, rector world bank knowledge economy forum, prague, march 29, 2006 the...

Documents

knowledge source

university of aarhus

blom holmnielsen

challenge slide

interdisciplinary slide

quality of life knowledge

world development indicators

people source