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TRANSCRIPT
The
Lau
rent
ian
Schk
m: E
ast and
Wes
t in
the
Rom
an C
hurc
h
In 4
98, f
ou
r da
ys a
fter
th
e d
eath
of
Pop
e A
nast
asiu
s II
, tw
o m
en w
ere
elec
ted
and
con
secr
ated
bis
hop
of R
ome
on
th
e o
ne
day,
th
e de
acon
S
ymm
achu
s an
d t
he
arch
prie
st L
aure
ntiu
s. F
ight
ing
brok
e o
ut
betw
een
thei
r su
pp
ort
ers
and
th
e di
sput
e w
as r
efer
red
to
Th
eod
ori
c, th
e O
stro
- go
thic
kin
g of
Ita
ly,
who
dec
lare
d th
at S
ymm
achu
s w
as t
o be
po
pe.
A
syno
d he
ld i
n 49
9 ac
cept
ed h
im a
s po
pe a
nd
pas
sed
legi
slat
ion
on
chu
rch
gove
rnm
ent;
it
awar
ded
to L
aure
ntiu
s th
e se
e of
Nuc
eria
. B
ut t
roub
le
soon
bro
ke o
ut
agai
n w
hen
Sym
mac
hus
was
acc
used
of
imp
rop
er r
ela-
ti
ons
wit
h w
omen
, sq
uan
der
ing
ch
urc
h p
rop
erty
an
d c
eleb
rati
ng E
aste
r o
n t
he
wro
ng d
ate.
Whi
le o
n h
is w
ay t
o R
aven
na,
whe
re T
heo
do
ric
had
sum
mon
ed h
im t
o g
ive
an a
ccou
nt o
f hi
mse
lf, h
e be
cam
e co
nvin
ced
that
h
e w
as b
eing
fra
med
, an
d r
etu
rned
sec
retl
y to
Rom
e by
nig
ht w
itho
ut
com
plet
ing
his
jour
ney.
Th
eod
ori
c re
acte
d by
ap
po
inti
ng
Bis
hop
Pet
er
of A
ltin
um a
s vi
sito
r of
th
e R
oman
see
, but
thi
s be
cam
e a
furt
her
sou
rce
of c
ontr
over
sy.
At
som
e st
age
Lau
rent
ius
retu
rned
to
Rom
e. R
ioti
ng
brok
e o
ut
agai
n, w
ith
cler
gy b
eing
kil
led
and
Sym
mac
hus
him
self
bei
ng
atta
cked
on
on
e oc
casi
on. T
wo
mo
re s
ynod
s fa
iled
to
paci
fy in
th
e ci
ty o
r p
ut
an e
nd
to th
e sc
hism
. Thi
s on
ly c
ame
year
s la
ter,
in 5
07 o
r 50
8, w
hen
Th
eod
ori
c o
rder
ed F
estu
s, L
aure
ntiu
s' n
oble
pat
ron
, to
han
d o
ver
the
chur
ches
of
Rom
e, w
hich
had
bee
n he
ld b
y L
aure
ntiu
s, t
o S
ymm
achu
s.
Lau
rent
ius
reti
red
to
Fes
tus'
est
ates
, lea
ving
Sym
mac
hus
to p
resi
de o
ver
a re
ason
ably
pea
cefu
l an
d u
nite
d ch
urc
h u
ntil
his
dea
th i
n 51
4.'
Th
is a
rtic
le s
eeks
to e
xplo
re tw
o qu
esti
ons
rela
ting
to t
he
schi
sm. F
irst
, w
hat
was
th
e is
sue
divi
ding
th
e pa
rtie
s? T
his
is
an i
ssue
whi
ch h
as a
t-
trac
ted
som
e sc
hola
rly
disc
ussi
on, b
ut a
new
rev
iew
of
the
evid
ence
may
be
use
ful.
Sec
ond,
how
muc
h su
pp
ort
was
enj
oyed
wit
hin
the
Rom
an
chu
rch
by
each
of
the
riva
ls?
It w
ill b
e su
gges
ted
that
, whe
n th
e an
swer
s to
the
se q
uest
ions
are
tak
en t
og
eth
er,
we
will
be
in a
pos
itio
n to
mak
e
1. c
f. i
n ge
nera
l E.
Cas
par,
Ges
chic
htc d
es P
afis
ttuf
n.~ I
I (T
iibi
ngen
, 19
33),
pp.
87-
129;
R
. C
essi
, "D
alla
sci
sma
laur
enzi
ano
alla
pac
ific
azio
ne re
ligi
osa
con
I'ori
ente
," A
rchi
vio
della
re
ale
soci
eta
rom
arza
di s
iori
a pa
tria
43
(192
0):2
09-3
2 I;
ibid
. "L
o sc
ism
a la
uren
zian
o e
le
orig
ni d
ella
dot
trin
a po
liti
ca d
ella
chi
esa
di R
oma,
" A
rchi
vio
della
rea
le s
ocie
te. . .
42
(191
9):5
-229
. It
is n
o pa
rt o
f th
is p
aper
to c
onsi
der
the
poli
tica
l bac
kgro
und,
on
whi
ch
see
for
Ital
y W
. E
nssl
in,
Theo
deri
ch d
er G
ross
e (M
unic
h, 1
947)
an
d, f
or t
he E
mpi
re, C
. C
apiz
zi, L
'imfie
rato
re A
nast
asio
I (
Rom
e, 1
969)
.
Mr.
Moo
rhea
d is
lect
urer
in
the
Dep
artm
ent
of H
isto
ry,
Uni
vers
ity o
f Q
ueen
s-
land
, Bri
sban
e, A
ustr
alia
.
126
CH
UR
CH
HIS
TO
RY
som
e im
po
rtan
t co
mm
ents
abo
ut f
acti
ons
wit
hin
the
Rom
an c
hu
rch
as
the
fift
h ce
ntur
y tu
rned
into
the
sixt
h.
Any
an
alys
is o
f th
e g
rou
nd
s di
vidi
ng
the
part
ies
mus
t be
gin
by
exam
inin
g a
schi
sm w
hich
occ
urre
d d
uri
ng
th
e po
ntif
icat
e of
th
e p
re-
viou
s po
pe,
Ana
stas
ius.
Sho
rtly
aft
er b
ecom
ing
po
pe
in 4
96, A
nast
asiu
s in
form
ed E
mp
ero
r A
nast
asiu
s of
his
ele
ctio
n in
a l
ette
r2 w
hich
indi
cate
s th
at,
whi
le t
he
po
pe
was
not
ent
irel
y w
ell-
disp
osed
tow
ards
th
e E
ast,
he
was
pre
par
ed t
o go
som
e w
ay t
owar
ds i
mpr
ovin
g re
lati
ons
whi
ch h
ad
been
env
enom
ed b
y th
e A
caci
an s
chis
m s
ince
482
.3 T
he
new
po
pe
held
th
at t
he
schi
smat
ic A
caci
us c
ould
saf
ely
be l
eft
to t
he
jud
gem
ent
of G
od
, an
d t
he b
apti
sms
and
ord
inat
ions
he
per
form
ed, e
ven
afte
r hi
s co
ndem
- na
tion
, w
ere
vali
d.4
Pop
e A
nast
asiu
s al
so s
ent
two
bish
ops,
Cre
scon
ius
and
Ger
man
us,
to t
he
Eas
t, ap
par
entl
y in
an
att
emp
t to
nego
tiat
e an
en
d
to th
e A
caci
an s
chis
m."
B
ut a
lar
ge p
art
of t
he
Rom
an c
hurc
h w
as i
n n
o m
ood
for
conc
ilia
tion
, an
d t
he L
iber
Pon
tiJic
alis
, in
its
biog
raph
y of
Ana
stas
ius,
ind
icat
es t
hat
a sc
hism
bro
ke o
ut o
ver
this
issu
e:
Man
y c
lerg
y a
nd
peo
ple
se
pa
rate
d t
hem
selv
es f
rom
his
co
mm
un
ion
bec
ause
w
ith
ou
t th
e c
on
sen
t o
f th
e b
ish
op
s p
ries
ts a
nd
cle
rgy
of
the
wh
ole
cat
ho
lic
ch
urc
h h
e h
ad
sh
are
d c
om
mu
nio
n w
ith
a d
eaco
n o
f T
hes
salo
nic
a, F
oti
nu
s (s
ic],
wh
o w
as i
n c
orn
~n
un
ion
wit
h A
caci
us.O
Th
e af
fair
als
o ha
d re
perc
ussi
ons
outs
ide
Rom
e, f
or
Pho
tinu
s la
ter
cont
acte
d th
e ch
urc
h o
f A
lexa
ndri
a, s
tati
ng (
wh
eth
er r
ruth
full
y,o
r not
) th
at A
nast
asiu
s ha
d sa
tisf
ied
him
con
cern
ing
offe
nsiv
e m
atte
rs i
n th
e tr
ansl
atio
n o
f a
lett
er.
Pre
sum
ably
, th
is m
eans
tha
t A
nast
asiu
s w
as p
re-
par
ed t
o sm
ooth
ove
r di
ffic
ulti
es a
risi
ng f
rom
the
Chr
isto
logy
of
the
Tom
e of
Pop
e In
any
cas
e, a
pri
est
and
a l
ecto
r of
th
e A
lexa
ndri
an
chur
ch w
ere
embo
lden
ed t
o w
rite
to
Fes
tus,
a R
oman
nob
le t
hen
in
2. A
nast
asiu
s Epu
tzrl
a I:
Epi
stul
ae R
oman
orl~
m Pon
tqlc
um V
ol.
l, ed
. A. T
hie
l (B
raun
sber
g,
1868
1.
3. F
or
this
sc
hism
, do
cum
ente
d by
E
du
ard
S
chw
artz
Pub
lizis
tisch
e Sa
mm
lung
erz
zwm
nc
acia
nisc
hm
Schi
sma
(Mun
ich,
193
4) i
n A
bhan
dlun
gen
der
Bay
ekeh
en A
kade
mie
de
r W
isse
nsch
afte
n, P
hi1.
-his
t. A
bt.
Neu
e F
olge
, H
ft.
10;
see
amo
ng
mo
der
n d
iscu
ssio
ns
W. N
. C. F
ren
d, T
he R
ise
of th
e M
onop
hysi
te M
ovem
ent
(Cam
brid
ge, 1
972.
) 4.
Dis
cuss
ed b
y H
. E
. J.
Cow
drey
, "A
nast
asiu
s I1
an
d A
ugus
tine
's
doct
rine
of
holy
or
ders
," S
tudi
a P
atrk
tica
11,
pt.
2 (
1972
):31
1-31
5.
5. F
lrcf
rpta
Val
esia
nn (
=A
nony
mi
Val
~si
ani pa
rs p
oste
rior
, ed
. T
h.
Mom
mse
n, M
onum
enta
G
~rm
ania
e Nis
tori
ca
Auc
tore
s A
ntiq
uiss
imi
(Her
eaft
er,
MG
H
AA
) V
ol.
9) 6
4; L
ib(e
r)
Pon
t(if
ical
4 (e
d.
Lou
is D
uche
sne,
2 e
d.
3 vo
ls.
(Par
is,
1955
- 19
57)
p.
44;
Th
eod
ore
I.
ecto
r, N
ist~
ria
eccl
esia
stic
s 2.
16-
17.
(Pat
rolo
gia
Gra
eca,
Vol
. 86
, ed
. J. P
. Mig
ne.)
6
. Li
b. P
ont.,
p.
258
; fo
r ea
rlie
r ba
d re
lati
ons
betw
een
Pop
e G
elas
ius
and
the
see
of
The
ssal
onic
a cf
. Cel
asiu
sEp.
18
(ed.
Thi
el, o
p. c
it.)
7.
Col
bctio
Aw
ella
na (
= E
pist
ulae
Im
pera
toru
m p
ontg
cum
alio
rum
, ed
. 0 G
iin
thu
r, C
orpw
Sc
ript
orur
n E
ccl~
sias
tico
rum
Lati
noru
m, V
ol. 3
5),
p.
102.
HE
LA
UR
EN
TIA
N
SC
HIS
M
Con
stan
tino
ple,
ask
ing
whe
ther
thi
s w
as t
rue
and
enc
losi
ng a
sta
tem
ent
of t
heir
fai
th t
o be
for
war
ded
to P
ope
An
a~
tasi
us.
~
Th
eir
conf
essi
on a
c-
ed t
he
coun
cils
of
Nic
aea,
Con
stan
tino
ple,
an
d E
phes
us,
bu
t no
t Ic
edon
, an
d
def
end
ed
Dio
scor
us,
Tim
othy
A
elur
us,
and
P
eter
on
gus,
th
e an
ti-C
halc
edon
ian
patr
iarc
hs o
f A
lexa
ndri
a. O
bvio
usly
, its
ce
ptan
ce
wou
ld
have
en
tail
ed
eno
rmo
us
conc
essi
ons
to
the
on
op
hy
~it
es.
~
It i
s no
t ce
rtai
n th
at A
nast
asiu
s co
ntem
plat
ed m
akin
g ch
con
cess
ions
, bu
t w
e ca
n sa
y he
was
fis
hing
in t
roub
led
wat
ers.
Ac-
rd
ing
to
his
bio
grap
her
in t
he
Libe
r P
ontij
ical
is,
he
shar
ed c
omm
unio
n th
a h
eret
ic;
he
attr
acte
d co
rres
pond
ence
fro
m A
lexa
ndri
a fr
ankl
y in
- im
to
aban
do
n t
he
unco
mpr
omis
ing
posi
tion
of
earl
ier
pope
s;
e po
ssib
ilit
y o
f hi
s be
ing
coer
ced
into
ab
and
on
ing
thi
s po
siti
on
to h
ave
been
dis
cuss
ed b
y a
Rom
an n
oble
wit
h th
e E
mp
ero
r. I
n
rt,
whi
le w
e ca
nnot
spe
cify
how
far
Ana
stas
ius
was
pre
par
ed t
o go
, ap
pare
ntly
con
cili
ator
y st
ance
, com
ing
as i
t d
id a
fter
th
e po
ntif
icat
e th
e st
aunc
h L
atin
ist
Gel
asiu
s, a
ttra
cted
int
eres
t bo
th w
ithi
n an
d o
ut-
e
Rom
e. H
is b
iogr
aphe
r w
as a
ble
to s
tate
wit
h sa
tisf
acti
on:
"And
be-
se
he
wis
hed
to r
ecal
l (r
evoc
are)
Aca
cius
sec
retl
y, a
nd
was
not
abl
e, h
e st
ruck
dow
n by
th
e di
vine
wil
l."lo
h
e po
ntif
icat
e o
f A
nast
asiu
s w
as t
hu
s m
arke
d by
a s
chis
m w
ithi
n th
e m
an c
hu
rch
on
th
e is
sue
of r
elat
ions
wit
h th
e ea
ster
n ch
urch
es.
For
is
rea
son
alon
e, w
e w
ould
be
enti
tled
to
susp
ect
a si
mil
ar m
otiv
atio
n r
the
Lau
rent
ian
schi
sm w
hich
fol
low
ed im
med
iate
ly; t
he
cand
idac
y of
of
th
e ri
vals
m
ay
have
be
en
back
ed
by
a fa
ctio
n su
pp
ort
ing
st
asiu
s' i
reni
c po
licy
, whi
le t
he
oth
er m
ay h
ave
been
su
pp
ort
ed b
y as
tasi
us'
op
po
nen
ts.
As
it h
app
ens,
th
ere
is g
ood
evid
ence
tha
t th
is
was
th
e ca
se.
Th
e b
iog
-ra~
hie
s of S
ymm
achu
s pr
eser
ved
in t
he
Libe
r P
ont$
calis
an
d
-.
th
e L
aure
ntia
n fr
agm
ent
both
sp
ecif
y th
at
the
nobl
e F
estu
s w
as
Lau
rent
ius'
par
ticu
lar
pat
ron
. In
dee
d,
the
Lau
rent
ian
life
sta
tes
that
, af
ter
Th
eod
ori
c fi
nall
y p
ron
ou
nce
d a
gain
st L
aure
ntiu
s, t
he
defe
ated
ca
ndid
ate
reti
red
to
F
estu
s'
esta
tes.
'"Dun
g th
e po
ntif
icat
e of
A
nast
asiu
s, F
estu
s ha
d be
en s
ent
to C
onst
anti
nopl
e by
Th
eod
ori
c to
try
to
com
e to
an
ag
reem
ent w
ith
the
emp
ero
r ab
out t
he
cons
titu
tion
al p
osi-
ti
on
of
his
king
dom
. T
he
em
bass
y w
as
a su
cces
s, a
nd
A
nast
asiu
s
8. I
bid.
9.
Whi
le t
he l
ette
r is
sen
t in
th
e na
mes
of
Dio
scor
us th
e pr
iest
an
d C
haer
emon
the
lec
tor,
it
mus
t ha
ve b
een
sent
wit
h th
e co
nsen
t of
the
~a
tria
rch
of A
lexa
ndri
a as
it
invi
tes
Ana
stas
ius
to w
rite
or
send
a m
esse
nger
to
him
(Ib
id.,
p. 4
73).
10
. Li
b. P
ont.,
p. 2
58.
11.
Lib.
P
ont.,
p.
46
. It
is
~e
rha
ps w
orth
re
call
ing
that
tw
o liv
es o
f S
ymm
achu
s ar
e pr
eser
ved,
on
e fa
vora
bie
to h
im i
n th
e Li
b. P
ont.
(her
eaft
er r
efer
red
to
as t
he
"off
icia
l li
fe")
, an
d t
he
oth
er f
avor
able
to L
aure
ntiu
s in
a d
ocu
men
t gen
eral
ly r
efer
red
to
as
the
Lau
rent
ian
frag
men
t (h
erea
fter
the
"Lau
rent
ian
life
;" c
f. D
uche
sne'
s co
mm
ents
in
his
intr
oduc
tion
to
Lzb.
Pon
t., p
p. x
xx-x
xxii
).
CH
UR
CH
HIS
TO
RY
retu
rned
to
Ital
y th
e "o
rnam
ents
of
the
pala
ce"
whi
ch O
do
acer
had
sen
t ra
ry G
reek
his
tori
an, T
heo
do
re L
ecto
r, w
ho s
tate
s:
to C
onst
anti
nopl
e fo
llow
ing
the
depo
siti
on o
f th
e la
st e
mp
ero
r in
th
e A
cer
tain
Fes
tus,
on
e of
th
e R
om
an a
ssem
bly,
was
sen
t o
n p
olit
ical
bus
ines
s W
est."
F
estu
s w
as t
her
efo
re a
man
wit
h so
me
con
cern
fo
r g
oo
d r
elat
ions
to
th
e em
per
or
Ana
stas
ius
and
hav
ing
rea
ched
th
e ro
yal
city
he
call
ed f
or
wit
h th
e E
ast
as w
as, i
n a
dif
fere
nt w
ay, P
ope
Ana
stas
ius.
In
oth
er w
ords
, th
e re
mem
bra
nce
of
Pet
er,
chie
f of
th
e A
post
les,
an
d P
aul
to b
e ob
serv
ed
Fes
tus
wou
ld h
ave
been
an
obv
ious
pat
ron
fo
r a
man
in
the
R~~
~~
wit
h m
uch
ho
no
ur
and
rev
eren
ce.
Th
is h
ad b
een
do
ne
prev
ious
ly, s
ave
that
chu
rch
com
mit
ted
to p
rom
oti
ng
Ana
stas
ius'
pol
icie
s. &
fore
over
, his
em
- af
ter
~~
~t
~~
'
requ
est
it. w
as i
ncre
ased
by
mu
ch m
ore
of
the
sam
e k
ind
Of
bass
y se
ems
to h
ave
been
con
nect
ed w
ith
the
emb
assy
of
bish
ops
that
joy
ous
fest
ivit
y, M
aced
oniu
s [p
atri
arch
of
Gon
sta1
1tin
ople
I w
ishe
d to
co
mm
unic
atio
ns [
Fji
~aq
] to A
nast
asiu
s bi
shop
of
Rom
e by
th
is s
ame
man
A
nas
tasi
us
sen
t to
Co
nst
anti
no
ple
, fo
r th
e le
tter
of
the
Ale
xan
dri
ans
F~
~~
~~
.
~~
t h
e w
as p
rev
ente
d f
iom
do
ing
SO
by
the
emp
ero
r. F
estu
s, a
s th
e re
ferr
ed t
o ab
ove
(p. 3
) was
ad
dre
ssed
to
say
ing
goe
s [
G~
h
byo
q]
secr
etly
sug
gest
ed t
o t
he
emp
ero
r th
at h
e pr
evai
l T
he m
ost
glor
ious
an
d e
xcel
lent
pat
rici
an F
estu
s an
d t
he
vene
rabl
e bi
shop
s u
po
n t
he
bish
op o
f R
ome
to s
ubsc
ribe
to
the
Hen
oti
ko
n o
f Z
eno.
Bu
t hav
ing
cr
escO
nius
an
d G
erm
anu
s se
nt a
s a
lega
tion
fro
m R
ome
wit
h jo
int
pow
er
com
e to
Rom
e h
e fo
un
d t
hat
Bis
hop
Ana
stas
ius
had
die
d.
An
d s
o h
e to
ok
(. .
. Sim
ul c
um
eii
s po
test
ate
dire
ctis
in l
egat
ione
).13
th
e tr
oubl
e hi
mse
lf t
o su
bscr
ibe
wha
t w
as r
equ
ired
on
acc
ount
of
the
sch
ism
. ~
~d
hav
ing
co
rru
pte
d m
any
men
wit
h m
oney
he
call
ed 0
x1 a
cert
ain
Rom
an
Ou
r on
ly o
ther
so
urc
e fo
r th
e m
issi
on o
f th
e bi
shop
s is
an
in
com
ple
te
who
se n
ame
was
Lau
rent
ius
to b
e el
ecte
d bi
shop
co
ntr
ary
to c
usto
m.'"
se
nte
nce
whi
ch i
s al
l th
at r
emai
ns
of a
life
of
Pop
e A
nas
tasi
us a
t th
e be
- gi
nnin
g o
f th
e h
.me
nti
an
life
of
Sym
mac
hus.
lt r
ead
s:
Th
is p
assa
ge r
evea
ls t
hat
whi
le i
n C
on
stan
tin
op
le F
estu
s co
mb
ined
li
tica
l an
d e
ccle
sias
tica
l bus
ines
s. M
ost
imp
ort
antl
y,
we
are
told
of
a im
pel-
ator
em A
nast
asiu
m d
irec
ta p
er C
resc
oniu
m e
t G
erm
anu
m e
pisc
opos
, q
uae
tan
ta s
cri
bt~
raru
m [sic
] cae
lest
ium
au
cto
rita
te s
uff
ult
a es
t, u
t q
ui
han
c t
deal
Fes
tus
trie
d to
mak
e w
ith
the
emp
ero
r. (
Th
eod
ore
stat
es th
at
inte
nts
rnen
tc s
ub
div
ino
tim
ore
per
lege
rit,
in
anit
er h
acte
nu
s in
ter
eccl
esia
s w
as a
ru
mo
r, b
ut
this
lle
ed n
ot
pre
ven
t o
ur
acce
ptin
g hi
s st
ory;
in
- o
rien
tis
et I
tali
ae t
arn
schi
srna
nef
ariu
m p
erd
ura
re c
og
no
scit
.~4
at
ion
abo
ut
the
emp
ore
r's
secr
et p
olic
ies
coul
d on
ly h
ave
circ
ulat
ed
Fro
m
this
te
xt
it
app
ears
cer
tain
th
at t
he
bish
ops
wer
e u
mo
r.)
we
are
toid
~e
stu
s
info
rmed
th
e em
per
or
that
he
shou
ld P
re-
tow
ard
s th
e E
ast.
Th
e b
isho
ps,
con
cern
ed w
ith e
ccje
sias
tica
l rela
tion
s,
on
th
e p
op
e to
acc
ept
the
Hen
oti
ko
n (
a d
ocu
men
t p
rep
ared
in
482
and
Fe
stus
7 w
as a
ttem
pti
ng
to
regu
lari
ze
rela
tion
s be
twee
n th
e er
th
e p
atro
nag
e o
f th
e em
per
or
Zen
o w
hich
med
iate
d be
twee
n th
e
Got
hic
cou
rt a
t lt
aven
na
and
Byz
anti
um,
may
wel
l h
ave
been
wor
king
lc
edon
ian
and
Mon
ophy
site
pos
itio
ns).
It
wou
ld f
ollo
w t
hat
Fes
tus
tog
eth
er d
uri
ng
thei
r si
mu
ltan
eou
s m
issi
ons-
an
even
cle
arer
in
dic
atio
n
cted
th
at
the
po
pe
wou
ld
acce
pt
the
Hen
oti
ko
n
and
hea
l th
e
of
a pr
o-B
yzan
line
att
itu
de
on
th
e p
art
of
Fes
tus.
ci
an s
chis
m o
n t
his
basi
s. B
ut,
on
his
ret
urn
to
Ro
me,
Fes
tus
fou
nd
Th
e pa
ssag
e q
uo
ted
fro
m t
he
Lau
ren
tian
fra
gm
ent
has
oth
er i
hp
]ica
- ap
e A
nast
asiu
s h
ad d
ied
, so
he
sou
gh
t to
obt
ain
the
elec
tion
of
tion
s. S
chol
ars
gene
rall
y re
cogn
ize
that
thi
s an
d t
he
offi
cial
lif
e st
em
nti
us
by
bri
bery
-a
fin
al in
dica
tion
th
at L
aure
nti
us
was
exp
lici
tly
a
fro
m a
uth
ors
who
su
pp
ort
ed d
iffe
ren
t sid
es d
uri
ng
the
schi
sm; f
ew h
ave
yza
nti
ne
can
did
ate
for
the
papa
cy a
nd
, by
im
plic
atio
n, t
hat
noti
ced
that
th
e h
HT
nti
an
life
mus
t ha
ve o
rigi
nall
y b
een
pre
face
d by
a
us
was
a c
and
idat
e o
f an
ti-B
yzan
tine
ori
enta
tio
n.
life
of
Ana
stas
ius.
Th
e o
ffic
ial L
iber
Pon
,t$ca
li.~ i
s ho
stil
e to
Ana
stas
ius;
as
&in
g
this
w
ith
the
oth
er
evid
ence
, w
e m
ay
conc
lude
th
at
the
no
ted
abo
ve,
it a
ttri
bu
tes
his
dea
th t
o G
od's
will
. On
th
e o
ther
han
d, t
he
ren
tian
sch
ism
rep
rese
nte
d a
co
nti
nu
atio
n o
f a
Sta
te o
f af
fair
s w
hich
life
of A
nast
asiu
s w
ritt
en f
rom
a p
oint
of
view
fav
orab
le t
o L
aure
nti
us
exis
ted
du
rin
g t
he
pont
ific
ate
of A
nast
asiu
s 11
. Th
e b
asic
iss
ue w
as
took
a f
av
~ra
ble
vi
ew o
f A
nast
asiu
s' a
ctiv
itie
s; w
hoev
er c
aref
ull
y a
nd
de-
ti
ons
wit
h th
e E
ast.
l6
vo
utl
~ read
th
e w
riti
ngs
eres
con
ius
and
Ger
man
us
took
to
th
e E
ast,
we
are
told
, w
ould
rea
lize
th
at t
he
wic
ked
schi
sm h
ad l
aste
d so
lon
g f
or
no
go
od
reas
on
. A
gain
, th
en,
it s
eem
s th
at
peo
ple
who
had
su
pp
ort
ed
ng
est
abli
shed
th
e ce
ntra
l is
sue
of
the
schi
sm,
we
may
no
w
Ana
stas
ius
sup
po
rted
Lau
ren
tiu
s, a
nd
tho
se w
ho o
pp
ose
d A
nast
asiu
s h
e su
pp
ort
acc
ord
ed e
ach
of t
he
riva
ls w
ithi
n th
e R
oman
ch
urc
h.
sup
po
rted
Sym
mac
hus.
A
fin
al p
iece
of
evid
ence
tel
ls i
n fa
vor
of t
his
inte
rpre
tati
on
. T
he
ou
t-
ilar
con
clus
ion,
rat
her
blu
lltl
y st
ated
, was
arr
ived
at
by L
. D
uche
sne,
L'%
lise
aw'
brea
k o
f th
e L
aure
nti
an s
chis
m is
als
o m
enti
on
ed b
y a
near
ly c
on
tem
po
- es
iiC
lp (p
aris
, 19
25),
pp.
112
- 11
3. O
ther
fact
ors
have
bee
n e
mph
asiz
ed b
y C
h.
sena
t, l
e p
up
1e
et
les
par
tis
du
cir
qu
e 2
Rom
e so
us f
e P
aPe
S~
mm
aq
ue
12.
Exe
cerp
ta V
ales
iana
64
. 8-
5 14
1,"
~i
i~
~~
~~
ga
rchi
0log
ie e
t &hi
stoi
re 7
8 (
1966
): 12
3- 1
39; I
wou
ld m
erel
y jn
di-
te d
oubt
s as
to
wh
eth
er s
ome
of h
is e
vide
nce
bear
s th
e w
eigh
t h
e P
uts
UPo
n it
, 13
. A
vclL
una
102
(at P
. 46
8);
for
(gen
eral
dis
cuss
ion
cf. P
. Ch
aran
is, C
hurc
h an
d st
ate
in th
e L
ater
Rom
an E
wzp
ire (
Mad
ison
, 19
39).
te
th
at i
deol
ogic
al o
rien
tati
on o
f th
e ci
rcus
fac
tion
s, w
hich
fig
ures
in
his
arg
um
ent,
14
. L
ib. P
ant.
, p. 4
4.
by
no
mea
ns p
rove
n: C
f. o
n B
yzan
tine
cir
cus
part
ies
A. C
amer
on
, "'I-
Iere
sies
an
d
tion
s,"B
yzan
tion
44
(197
4):9
2- 1
20.
130
CH
UR
CH
HIS
TO
RY
For
tuna
tely
, th
ere
are
vari
ous
indi
cati
ons
of t
his,
alt
houg
h th
eir
in-
terp
reta
tion
is s
omet
imes
not
str
aigh
tfor
war
d.
Th
e th
ree
syno
ds w
hich
wer
e he
ld i
n R
ome
du
rin
g th
e sc
hism
con
tain
lis
ts
of
part
icip
ants
an
d
sign
ator
ies
whi
ch
may
be
su
mm
ariz
ed
as
foll
ows:
l7
Tab
le 1
.
syn
od
of
49
9
syn
od
of
501
syn
od
of
502
bis
ho
ps
pre
sen
t 66
-
80
bis
ho
ps
sig
nin
g
7 1
7 6
65
pri
ests
pre
sen
t 74
U
36
pri
ests
sig
nin
g
67
L
dea
con
s p
rese
nt
7 U
4 d
eaco
ns
sig
nin
g
6 L
Thi
s m
ater
ial
may
be
used
to
mea
sure
th
e su
pp
ort
giv
en S
ymm
achu
s an
d L
aure
ntiu
s. T
he
firs
t sy
nod,
hel
d sh
ortl
y af
ter
The
odor
ic's
ini
tial
de
cisi
on i
n fa
vor
of S
ymm
achu
s, w
as a
tten
ded
not
onl
y by
his
su
pp
ort
ers
but
also
by
thos
e w
ho h
ad s
up
po
rted
Lau
rent
ius.
In
dee
d,
Lau
rent
ius
[him
self
was
pre
sent
."
By
the
tim
e th
e la
ter
syno
ds w
ere
held
, how
ever
, th
e sc
hism
had
bro
ken
ou
t aga
in, a
nd
it is
har
d t
o se
e ho
w a
ny s
up
po
rter
of
Lau
rent
ius
coul
d ha
ve a
ssen
ted
to e
ithe
r of
th
em. T
he
sec
ond
syno
d de
cree
d th
at a
nyon
e w
ho c
eleb
rate
d m
ass
"wit
hout
th
e kn
owle
dge
of
pope
Sym
mac
hus"
wou
ld h
ence
fort
h be
con
side
red
a he
reti
c,"
whi
le th
e th
ird
syno
d w
as a
ctua
lly
sum
mo
ned
by
Sym
mac
hus,
an
d it
s pr
ocee
ding
s gi
ve a
str
on
g i
mpr
essi
on t
hat
it w
as s
tage
-man
aged
by
him
an
d h
is s
up
- p
or
ter
~.~
~
I sh
all
ther
efo
re a
ssum
e th
at t
he
syno
d of
499
inc
lude
d m
en
17.
Th
e pr
ocee
ding
s of
th
e sy
nods
are
to b
e fo
un
d in
MG
HA
A,
Vol
. 12
, pp
. 399
-455
. F
or
the
sake
of
conv
enie
nce
I ha
ve f
ollo
wed
Mom
mse
n's
date
s, a
ltho
ugh
they
hav
e be
en
crit
iciz
ed (
G.
B.
Pic
otti
, "I
sin
odi
rom
ani
nell
o sc
ism
o la
urne
zian
o" i
n St
udi s
tori
ci i
n ho
norc
di
Gio
acch
ino
Vol
pe, E
d. G
. C. S
anso
ni (
Flo
renc
e, 1
958)
, pp.
743
-786
, es
p. p
p.
736-
766)
; th
e ac
tual
dat
es a
re o
f no
im
port
ance
to
my
arg
um
ent.
Th
e f
irst
syn
od
reco
rds
mor
e si
gnat
ures
tha
n th
ere
wer
e bi
shop
s pr
esen
t; s
ome
bish
ops
mus
t hav
e ar
- ri
ved
du
rin
g t
he s
ynod
, pe
rhap
s de
laye
d by
the
bit
ter
win
ter
wea
ther
(Ib
id.,
p.
402,
li
ne 1
4). O
n t
he o
ther
han
d th
e co
ntin
gent
s o
f pr
iest
s an
d d
eaco
ns in
499
, an
d b
isho
ps
in 5
02,
dim
inis
hed
du
rin
g t
he s
ynod
s. O
nly
in t
he l
ast
case
is t
he
nu
mb
er s
igni
fica
nt;
per
hap
s so
me
wer
e co
ncer
ned
at t
he d
irec
tion
pro
ceed
ings
too
k an
d le
ft w
itho
ut s
ign-
in
g th
eir
nam
es.
Th
e se
cond
syn
od i
nclu
des
no
pri
ests
or
deac
ons,
pro
babl
y be
caus
e it
ha
d be
en s
umm
oned
to
jud
ge
Sym
mac
hus,
an
d a
bis
hop
coul
d on
ly b
e ju
dg
ed b
y fe
llow
bis
hops
. N
one
of th
e th
irty
-six
pri
ests
or
fou
r de
acon
s pr
esen
t at
the
syno
d of
502
see
ms
to h
ave
sign
ed t
he p
roce
edin
gs.
It c
ould
be
that
they
wer
e no
t ask
ed t
o si
gn, o
r p
erh
aps
the
list
of n
ames
was
lost
at a
n e
arly
dat
e. I
n a
ny c
ase,
giv
en t
he
clos
e co
rres
pond
ence
bet
wee
n pr
iest
s an
d d
eaco
ns p
rese
nt a
t the
syn
od o
f 49
9 an
d th
ose
who
sig
ned,
we
may
tak
e th
e fi
gure
s fo
r th
ose
pres
ent
in 5
02 a
s be
ing
sim
ilar
to
thos
e w
ho w
ould
hav
e si
gned
. 18
. Ib
id.,
p.4
10
,sig
. 1.
19
. Ib
id.,
p. 4
32.
20.
In p
arti
cula
r th
e ro
le o
f H
orm
isda
s sh
ould
be
note
d, I
bid.
, pp.
444
-447
.
TH
E L
AU
RE
NT
IAN
SC
HIS
M
131
who
had
su
pp
ort
ed a
nd
wou
ld a
gain
su
pp
ort
bot
h S
ymm
achu
s an
d
Lau
rent
ius,
whi
le t
he
syno
ds o
f 50
1 an
d 5
02 c
onta
ined
onl
y su
pp
ort
ers
of S
ymm
achu
s.
Let
us
begi
n w
ith
the
deac
ons.
Th
e s
even
who
wer
e pr
esen
t at
an
d t
he
six
who
sub
scri
bed
to t
he
syno
d of
499
wer
e th
e de
acon
s of
Rom
e, a
s th
e un
com
plet
ed f
orm
ula
"di
acon
us r
egio
nis
. . ."
aft
er t
he
nam
e of
eac
h in
- di
cate
s. T
he
fall
fro
m s
even
to
fou
r in
the
per
iod
499-
502
is c
lear
-cut
, an
d e
spec
iall
y re
veal
ing
inas
muc
h as
onl
y tw
o of
th
e fo
ur
pres
ent
in 5
02,
Ana
stas
ius
and
Jo
hn
, w
ere
also
pre
sent
in
499.
Th
e o
ther
tw
o, H
OT
- m
isda
s an
d A
gape
tus,
mus
t ha
ve b
een
mad
e de
acon
s si
nce
499.
Of
thes
e tw
o, H
orm
isda
s w
as c
lose
to
Sym
mac
hus;
he
play
ed a
maj
or r
ole
in t
he
syno
d of
502
(w
here
he
read
mat
eria
l o
n b
ehal
f of
Sym
mac
hus)
, was
ap
- pr
oach
ed b
y E
nnod
ius
whe
n th
e la
tter
tri
ed t
o r
egai
n ho
rses
an
d m
oney
he
had
Ien
t th
e po
pe,2
1 an
d w
as t
o s
ucce
ed S
ymnl
achu
s as
pop
e in
514
. A
gape
tus
is a
mo
re e
lusi
ve f
igu
re, b
ut h
e m
ay w
ell b
e id
enti
cal
wit
h th
e m
an o
f th
is n
ame
who
bec
ame
pope
in
535.
Acc
ordi
ng t
o th
e Li
ber
Pon
tijic
alis
, P
ope
Aga
petu
s w
as "
nati
one
Rom
anus
, ex
pat
re G
ordi
ano
pres
bite
ro,
cler
icus
a [
rid
san
tos
loha
nnem
et
Pa
~lu
m."
~~
G
ordi
anus
is
know
n to
us
fro
m t
he
offi
cial
life
of
Sym
mac
hus,
whe
re h
e is
ref
erre
d t
o as
on
e of
th
e su
pp
ort
ers
of S
ymm
achu
s ki
lled
by
the
tau
ren
tia
n~
.~~
It is
th
eref
ore
qu
ite
poss
ible
th
at t
he
Aga
petu
s w
hom
S
ymm
achu
s m
ade
deac
on w
as t
he
son
of a
pri
est
kill
ed b
y en
emie
s of
th
e po
pe a
nd
who
su
bseq
uent
ly b
ecam
e po
pe h
imse
lf. T
he
two
deac
ons
crea
ted
by S
ymm
a-
chus
kno
wn
to u
s by
nam
e in
clud
e o
ne
who
bec
ame
a la
ter
pope
an
d
ano
ther
who
pos
sibl
y d
id.
We
shal
l no
t co
mm
it o
urse
lves
too
far
to a
ny
conc
ept
of a
pap
al c
abal
if
we
conc
lude
th
at S
ymm
achu
s w
as a
dmit
ting
ul
tra-
loya
list
s to
the
diac
onat
e to
co
un
ter
defe
ctio
ns h
e ha
d su
ffer
ed, b
ut
at l
east
on
e m
ore
def
ecti
on w
ould
fol
low
. O
f th
e tw
o or
igin
al d
eaco
ns
who
rem
aine
d lo
yal
to S
ymm
achu
s in
502
, Jo
hn
sub
sequ
entl
y de
fect
ed,
for
in 5
06 S
ymm
achu
s w
as p
rese
nted
wit
h a
libe
lha
anat
hem
atiz
ing
Pet
er
of A
ltin
um a
nd
Lau
rent
ius
in t
he
nam
e of
"C
aeli
us I
oh
ann
es d
iaco
nus
eccl
esia
e R
oman
ae,
qui
me
ad t
emp
us
ab E
ccle
sia
sepa
ravi
.""
Th
us,
of
the
seve
n de
acon
s w
ho a
tten
ded
th
e sy
nod
of 4
99, o
nly
Ana
stas
ius
may
re
ason
ably
be
th
ou
gh
t to
hav
e re
mai
ned
loya
l. M
any
deac
ons
of t
he
Rom
an c
hu
rch
ther
efo
re c
ame
dow
n in
fav
our
of L
aure
ntiu
s.
Th
e l
ists
of
prie
sts
who
att
end
ed a
nd
sig
ned
the
proc
eedi
ngs
of t
he
syno
ds r
evea
l a
sim
ilar
sit
uati
on.
Th
e pr
iest
s of
499
(se
vent
y-fo
ur in
at-
te
nd
ance
, of
who
m s
ixty
-sev
en s
igne
d) w
ere
red
uce
d to
thir
ty-s
ix in
502
. In
oth
er w
ords
, th
e bo
dy o
f pr
iest
s w
ho s
how
ed t
heir
su
pp
ort
of
Sym
ma-
2 1.
Enn
odiu
s, E
@. 5
. 13;
6.3
3 e
d. F
. Vog
el, M
GH
AA
, vo
l. 7.
m
CH
UR
CH
HIS
TO
RY
Tab
le 2
. by
att
end
ing
th
e sy
nod
of 5
02 w
as l
ess
than
hal
f th
e n
um
ber
who
ha
d at
ten
ded
the
syno
d o
f 499
.z5
po
nti
fica
te
pri
ests
d
eaco
ns
bis
ho
ps
Th
e d
egre
e of
th
e er
osio
n of
Sym
mac
hus'
su
pp
ort
wit
hin
the
Rom
an
in y
ears
o
rdai
ned
o
rda
ine
d
ord
ain
ed
ch
urc
h c
an e
asil
y be
app
reci
ated
by
glan
cing
at
the
figu
res
for
the
nu
m-
bers
of
who
wer
e pr
esen
t at
an
d s
igne
d th
e pr
ocee
ding
s of
th
e th
ree
syno
ds.
Obv
ious
ly,
the
nu
mb
ers
rem
aine
d re
ason
ably
ste
ady,
an
d
we
may
fai
rly
conc
lude
th
at t
he I
tali
an e
pisc
opat
e w
as b
y an
d la
rge
loya
I to
Sym
mac
hus.
T
he
lis
ts o
f pa
rtic
ipan
ts i
n th
e th
ree
syno
ds a
re t
here
fore
\i
alua
ble
guid
es
the
stre
ngth
s of
the
ant
agon
ists
. M
any,
if
not
mos
t o
f th
e pr
iest
s an
d
deac
ons
who
at
ten
ded
th
e sy
nod
of
499
deci
ded
for
Lau
rent
ius;
mos
t of
the
Ital
isn
bish
ops
sup
po
rted
Sym
mac
hus.
Th
is m
ay
app
ear
to c
ontr
adic
t th
e Li
ber
Pon
tzjic
aLis
whi
ch a
sser
ts t
hat
Sym
mac
hus
enjo
yed
gre
ater
su
pp
ort
w
ithi
n R
omez
6 b
ut
ther
e is
no
ne
cess
ary
cont
radi
ctio
n; w
e kn
ow t
hat
the
pleb
s w
ere
stau
nchl
y fo
r S
ymrn
achu
s an
d
the
stat
emen
t pr
obab
ly r
efer
s to
the
m a
nd
not
the
cle
rgy.
In
any
cas
e,
the
asse
rtio
n co
uld
be m
ere
pro
pag
and
a. I
n s
ho
rt, t
he
syno
d li
sts
mak
e it
pl
ain
that
th
e R
oman
ch
urc
h w
as s
erio
usly
spl
it.
Thi
s co
nclu
sion
is
conf
irm
ed b
y a
stud
y o
f pa
pal
ordi
nati
onS
. Tab
le 2
de
tail
s o
f th
e or
dina
tion
s of
pri
ests
, de
acon
s, a
nd
bis
hops
p
erfo
rmed
by
each
Pop
e fr
om
Gel
asiu
s to
Jo
hn
1, t
aken
fro
m n
ear
the
uri
ng
ye
ars
Sym
mac
hus f
ou
nd
it n
eces
sary
o
rdai
n
end
of
thei
r re
spec
tive
bio
grap
hies
in
the
Libe
r Pon
tiJic
alis
, 27
ests
. L
ikew
ise
he w
as c
ompe
lled
to
incr
ease
th
e n
um
ber
of
any
on
e ti
me
ther
e w
ere
only
sev
en d
eaco
ns i
n th
e R
oman
ch
urc
h, s
o 25
. I
have
ign
ored
dea
ths.
It i
s kn
own
that
som
e of
Sym
mac
hus3
cler
ical
su
pp
ort
ers
wer
e
du
rin
g th
e sc
hism
(L
ib. P
on,t.
, p.
261)
, but
des
pite
its
par
tial
ity
for
sym
mac
hu
s or
dain
ed m
ore
than
two
full
col
lege
s. P
erh
aps
som
e th
ese
the
offi
cial
bio
grap
hy m
enti
ons
only
tw
o, a
sm
all
prop
orti
on o
f th
e n
um
ber
who
at-
te
nd
ed t
he
syno
d o
f 49
9. H
ence
it s
eem
s re
ason
able
to
take
the
figu
res
at f
ace
valu
e, a
s in
dica
ting
a d
rast
ic w
eake
ning
of
Sym
mac
hus'
pos
itio
n,
On
e m
inor
pro
blem
o
ug
ht
to b
e co
nsid
ered
. P
ope
Gre
gory
th
e G
reat
wro
te t
hat
"pas
chas
ius
a de
acol
l of
thi
s ap
osto
lic
see"
was
unt
il t
he e
nd
of
his
life
an
adh
eren
t of
L
aure
ntiu
s (G
rego
ry,
Dia
logo
rum
lib
ri
4, 4
.42,
ed
. V
. M
oric
ca
(Rom
e,
1924
1, f
or
Pas
chas
ius
see
also
the
int
rodu
ctor
y le
tter
to
the
Vitn
S
evcr
ini o
f ~
~~
i~
~i
~~
,
ed,
p.
Kno
ell,
Co
rW S
crip
toru
m E
ccl~
.siw
tico
rum
Lat
inar
um 9
. pt.
2,
pp.
1-6)
. Y
et p
asch
asiu
s is
no
t m
enti
oned
in
any
oft
he
S~
II
O~
li
sts,
eve
n in
th
e fu
ll li
st o
f' de
acon
s pr
esen
t in
499
. If
we
acce
pt G
rego
ry's
tes
tim
ony,
Pas
chas
ius
mus
t ei
ther
hav
e be
en m
ade
a de
acon
la
ter
SY'm
mac
hus,
an
d s
ubse
quen
tly
chan
ged
side
s, o
r m
ade
a de
acon
by
~~
~~
~~
ti
~~
P
eter
of
Alt
illu
m.
Th
e pr
oble
m o
f or
dina
tion
s is
fu
rth
er c
onsi
dere
d be
low
, p
p,
10-
26.
Lib
. Pol
zt.,
p. 2
60.
27.
Ibid
., P
P.
2.55
7 2
58
,26
3,2
72
,27
6. F
requ
entl
y th
e da
ta o
f th
eLih
PrP
onti
fica
lk is
Op
en to
qu
esti
on, a
nd
Duc
hesn
e to
ok a
neg
ativ
e vi
ew o
f th
e re
liab
ilit
y o
f th
e or
dina
tion
fig
ures
m
ains
Po
ur '€
5 q
uat
rc O
U c
inq
prem
iers
sii
cles
" (i
ntro
. to
his
edi
tion
of l
ib. p
ant.
, at
th
e sy
no
d o
f 50
2, w
e m
ust
assu
me
eith
er t
hat
man
y of
his
P. c
liv)
, but
I a
m i
ncli
ned
to a
ccep
t th
e fi
gure
s h
ere,
par
tly
beca
use
of w
hat w
e kn
ow o
f rt
ers
had
rec
entl
y d
efec
ted
, or
that
th
e W
aves
of
ord
inat
ion
s ha
d th
e d
ate
of t
he c
ompo
siti
on o
f th
e L
ib.
Pon
t. (s
ee D
uche
sne'
s in
tro,
, p
p.
xxxi
ii-x
lvii
i, P
P.
xlii
i-xl
vi),
an
d p
artl
y be
caus
e th
e fi
gure
s ha
ve t
he f
eel
of a
uthe
ntic
ity,
on
e b
egin
Wha
teve
r th
e ca
se m
ay b
e, t
he
ordi
nati
on f
igur
es c
onfi
rm
may
fee
l to
que
stio
n th
e fi
gure
s gi
ven
for
Gel
asiu
s, w
ho i
s sa
id t
o ha
ve o
r-
rerp
reta
tion
of
the
syn
od
list
s. T
hey
por
tray
a s
itua
tion
in w
hich
da
ined
O
ver
twic
e as
man
y cl
ergy
as
Ana
stas
ius,
alt
houg
h hi
s po
ntif
icat
e w
as o
n]y
posi
tion
in
the
Rom
an c
hurc
h w
as w
eak.
tw
ice
as l
ong.
Yet
the
fig
ures
see
m t
o be
cov
ered
by
his
biog
raph
er,
who
sta
tes
'"un
der
his
pont
ific
ate
the
cler
gy g
rew
" (L
ib. P
ont.,
p.
255)
. In
vie
TV
of
thes
e co
nsid
erat
ions
it
will
be
as w
ell a
s ac
cept
the
dat
a re
pro
du
ced
in T
able
2,
CH
UR
CH
HIS
TO
RY
If
larg
e of
th
e cl
ergy
w
ere
defe
ctin
g th
ey m
ust
hav
e ~
h~
pat
tern
o
f S
ymm
achu
s' e
xten
sive
bu
ildi
ng
acti
vity
w
as
thu
s ta
ken
thei
r ch
urch
es w
ith
them
. It w
ill b
e w
orth
ou
r w
hile
exa
min
ing
,.he
radi
call
y d
iffe
ren
t fr
om
that
of
the
oth
er e
arly
Pop
es.
How
are
we
to
cont
rol
S~
mm
ach
us an
d L
aure
ntiu
s ex
erci
sed
over
th
e va
riou
s ch
urc
hes
co
unt
for
this
ast
onis
hing
pre
fere
nce
for
buil
ding
in
the
subu
rbs
and
T
he
offi
cial
life
of
Sym
mac
hus
pres
erve
s a
disc
reet
sil
ence
on
fm
he
r o
ut
of t
he
city
? T
he
obv
ious
ans
wer
is t
hat
fo
r m
uch
of
the
tim
e th
is p
oin
t th
ere
See
ms
no
rea
son
to d
ou
bt
the
asse
rtio
n of
the
Lau
rent
ian
life
: 'L
aure
nti
us
held
the
Rom
an c
hu
rch
fo
r ro
ughl
y fo
ur
year
s.""
T
he
sam
e so
urce
lat
er s
tate
s th
at S
ymm
achu
s ask
ed ~
h~
~d
~~
i~
er
ish
buil
ding
act
ivit
y w
as a
fo
rm o
f p
rop
agan
da;
lack
ing
Con
trol
Ov
er
" h
and
Ov
er
to h
im "
the
chur
ches
whi
ch L
aure
nti
us
held
wit
hin
the
e ci
ty, h
e w
ishe
d to
ap
pea
r po
wer
ful n
onet
hele
ss.3
4 an
d f
rom
it W
e al
so k
arn
that
whe
n S
ym
mac
hu
s ret
urn
ed t
o
~h~
sec
ond
note
wor
thy
feat
ure
of
Sym
mac
hus'
act
ivit
y as
a b
uild
er i
s by
nig
ht i
n 50
1, h
avin
g de
cide
d no
t to
com
plet
e a
jou
rney
to
R~
~~
~~
~,
w
here
he
had
been
su
mm
on
ed b
y T
heo
do
ric,
he
rook
ref
ug
e in
st.
P
eter
's b
asil
ica-
not
the
basi
lica
Con
stan
tini
ann,
whi
ch w
as t
hen
th
e us
ual
pap
ai r
esid
ence
.30
Th
is c
hoic
e of
a c
hu
rch
acr
oss
the
rive
r fr
om t
he
is
and
can
bes
t be
exp
lain
ed b
y as
sum
ing
that
it w
as th
e on
ly o
ne
Of
the
grea
t ba
sili
cas
op
en to
him
. Th
e o
ther
chu
rche
s m
ust
hav
e be
en i
n th
e h
and
s O
f hi
s en
emie
s, a
s W
as S
t. P
aul's
: in
this
ch
urc
h a
o
f pi
c-
ture
s O
f th
e P
opes
wou
ld l
ater
inc
lude
th
e p
ort
rait
, no
r o
f sy
rnm
ach
us,
bu
t of
Eau
rent
ius.
31
Wit
h th
is i
n m
ind
let
US
ex
amin
e S
ymm
achu
s' a
chie
vem
ents
as
a
in t
he
Rom
an c
hu
rch
. His
off
icia
l lif
e in
the
Lib
sr p
ont$
cal~
giv
es
a li
st O
f hi
s ac
hiev
emen
ts w
hich
is
very
det
aile
d, p
resu
mab
ly f
or
prop
s-
gand
a pu
rpos
es (
it e
ven
incl
udes
th
e to
ilet
s w
hich
he
had
buil
t at
st.
Pet
er's
)32
bu
t tw
o as
pect
s st
and
ou
t. T
he
firs
t is
the
smal
l n
um
ber
of
oc-
casi
ons
on
Whi
ch h
e ha
d an
ythi
ng t
o d
o w
ith
chu
rch
es in
R~
~~
.
only
th
ree
his
wor
ks (
the
CO
nStr
Uct
i~n o
f a
basi
lica
of
Sr.
Mar
tin,
the
prov
i-
sion
of
Ste
ps w
ithi
n th
e ch
urch
of
SS
. Jo
hn
an
d P
aul,
an
d th
e bu
ildi
ng o
f an
Ora
tory
of
Ss.
C0S
maS
an
d D
amia
n in
St.
Mar
y'S
basi
lica
) wer
e w
ithi
n th
e 'ld
city
wal
ls.
Duc
hesn
e ha
s li
sted
all
ear
ly p
apal
fo
un
dat
ion
s an
d
rest
orat
ions
acc
ordi
ng t
o t
heir
loc
atio
n, a
nd
the
dat
a he
ass
embl
ed m
ay
be r
earr
ang
ed t
o fo
rm th
e fo
llow
ing
tabl
e.33
b
an
forg
erie
s."
Pop
e L
iber
ius,
we
are
told
, w
as
exil
ed
an
eret
ical
em
per
or,
an
d t
ook
up
res
iden
ce j
ust
outs
ide
Rom
e. A
s E
aste
r T
able
3
ppro
ache
d he
was
des
olat
e be
caus
e h
e w
ould
not
be
able
to p
erfo
rm t
he
cons
truc
tion
s an
d
usto
rnar
y ba
ptis
ms
wit
hin
the
Lat
eran
, bu
t o
n t
he
advi
ce o
f hi
s pr
iest
s
. pet
rus
bapt
izab
at."
Mea
nwhi
le t
he
prie
st D
amas
ius
cons
truc
ted
a
beyo
nd t
he s
ubur
bs
29.
Lib
. Pon
t., p
p. 4
5-46
. 30
. Ib
id.,
p. 4
4.
'l.
H.
K.
Ma
nn
, '*
Th
e Por
trai
ts o
f th
e P
opes
," P
aper
s th
e ~
~i
~~
h
scho
ol a
t (1
92
0):
15
9-2
04
at p
. 171
. 3
2 L
ib
PP
261
-63.
L
aure
ntiu
s is
not
kno
wn
to h
are
ou
t an
y b
uil
din
g
136
CH
UR
CH
HIS
TO
RY
stor
y do
es n
ot m
erel
y ju
stif
y th
e ba
sili
ca o
f P
eter
as
a su
itab
le p
lace
fo
r ba
ptis
ms;
it
also
str
esse
s th
e A
post
le h
imse
lf. T
his
em
phas
is o
n P
eter
was
no
t ac
cide
ntal
; it
occ
urs
thro
ug
ho
ut
the
pam
ph
let
En
no
diu
s w
rote
to
vali
date
th
e sy
nod
of 5
01,
espe
cial
ly i
n th
e co
ncl
ud
ing
ora
tio
ns
whi
ch
wer
e gi
ven
by P
eter
, P
aul
and
th
e ci
ty o
f R
ome.
3g W
hen
th
e sc
hism
was
o
ver
, E
nn
od
ius
wro
te t
hat
Pet
er h
ad r
esto
red
th
e ch
urc
hes
.40
Sym
ma-
ch
us'
buil
ding
act
ivit
y w
as c
ente
red
on
St.
Pet
er's
. In
pin
nin
g h
is h
op
es
on
Pet
er a
nd
his
bas
ilic
a, S
ymm
achu
s w
as s
wim
min
g w
ith
a st
ron
g c
ur-
re
nt,
fo
r th
rou
gh
ou
t th
e fi
fth
cen
tury
th
e fi
gu
re o
f th
e A
post
le w
as p
lay-
in
g a
n i
ncre
asin
gly
larg
e p
art
in t
he
thin
kin
g o
f R
oman
s. P
ope
Leo
had
st
ress
ed t
he
conn
ecti
ons
betw
een
Pet
er a
nd
Rom
e, a
nd
Pet
er a
nd
th
e pa
- pa
cy,
and
was
bu
ried
in
St.
Pet
er's
: fr
om
th
en o
n it
was
alm
ost d
e ri
guer
fo
r po
pes
to b
e b
uri
ed t
her
e.4
1 C
ity,
Pat
ron
, an
d B
isho
p w
ere
beco
min
g b
lurr
ed, a
nd
Sym
mac
hus
mad
e ca
pita
l o
ut
of t
his.
T
he
fig
ure
of
Sym
mac
hus
whi
ch e
mer
ges
in t
he
offi
cial
life
in t
he
Libe
r P
ontz
jical
is i
s a
maj
esti
c o
ne,
th
at o
f a
gre
at b
uil
der
an
d e
nd
ow
er o
f S
t.
Pet
er's
. T
he
evi
denc
e p
rese
nte
d h
ere
sugg
ests
th
at h
e w
as.
du
rin
g t
he
earl
y p
arr
of h
is p
onti
fica
te, a
less
im
posi
ng c
har
acte
r w
ho a
lmos
t cl
un
g
to t
he
basi
lica
of
the
Apo
stle
. T
he
syn
od l
ists
, det
ails
of
ord
inat
ion
s, a
nd
de
scri
ptio
ns o
f bu
ildi
ng a
ctiv
ity
all
indi
cate
th
at S
ymm
achu
s' p
osit
ion
du
rin
g th
e sc
hism
was
ext
rem
ely
inse
cure
, an
d th
at L
aure
nti
us
may
wel
l ha
ve b
een
the
stro
ng
er o
f th
e ri
vals
. W
hile
th
e It
alia
n bi
shop
s ov
er-
whe
lmin
gly
sup
po
rted
Sym
mac
hus
(cf.
Tab
le 1
abo
ve)
wit
hin
Rom
e th
e ph
ilob
yzan
tine
Lau
ren
tiu
s se
ems
to h
ave
at l
east
hel
d hi
s ow
n. I
n a
R
ome
bein
g g
ov
ern
ed f
rom
Rav
enna
by
the
Ost
rog
oth
s, a
nd
whi
ch w
as
to s
ee w
ithi
n a
few
dec
ades
th
e d
eath
in
capt
ivit
y of
Po
pe
Joh
n I
sho
rtly
af
ter
his
retu
rn f
rom
Co
nst
anti
no
ple
, an
d t
he
exec
utio
n of
Boe
thiu
s,
who
had
def
end
ed a
fel
low
sen
ato
r ag
ains
t a
char
ge
of t
reac
her
y a
risi
ng
fro
m c
orr
esp
on
den
ce w
ith
the
Eas
t, I
wou
ld s
ugge
st t
hat
th
e af
fair
s of
th
e sc
hism
poi
nt t
o a
conc
lusi
on o
f so
me
sign
ific
anc:
th
e R
oman
ch
urc
h
in t
he
late
fif
th a
nd
ear
ly s
ixth
cen
turi
es h
arb
ore
d a
pro
-Gre
ek e
lem
ent
who
se s
tren
gth
an
d c
onti
nuit
y sh
ould
not
be
un
der
esti
mat
ed.
39.
Enn
odiu
s, n
. 21
, pp
. 62-
67.
40.
En
no
diu
s,E
p. 9
.30
(p
. 31
8, l
ines
28-
29).
41
. J.
C. P
icar
d, "
Etu
de
sur
I'em
plac
emen
t d
es to
mbe
s d
es p
apes
du
11
1~
au
IX
%ie
cle,
"MC
la
nges
d'a
rchi
olog
ie e
t d'h
isto
ire
81
(19
69):
725-
782
at p
p.
747-
749.
It
is n
otew
orth
y th
at,
as f
ar a
s w
e kn
ow, i
n th
e o
ther
maj
or I
tali
an s
ees
it r
emai
ned
cus
tom
ary
for
dep
arte
d
bish
ops
to b
e bu
ried
in
any
on
e o
f a
nu
mb
er o
f ch
urc
hes
. At
Rav
enna
, du
rin
g th
is p
e-
riod
Jo
hn
was
bur
ied
in t
he
chu
rch
of
St.
Aga
tha
(Agn
ellu
s qu
i et
An
dre
as,
Cod
ex
pont
$cal
is
eccl
~sia
e Rav
ennu
tis,
ed
. A. T
esti
Ras
poni
(B
olog
na,
1924
), p
. 1
32
), A
urel
ian
in t
he c
hu
rch
of
the
Apo
stle
s (p
. 16
1) a
nd
Ecc
lesi
us i
n th
e ch
urc
h o
f S
t. V
ital
is (
p. 1
67).
E
arly
epi
scop
al c
atal
ogue
s fo
r M
ilan
fre
quen
tly
con
trad
ict
each
oth
er o
n t
he
buri
al
plac
es o
f bi
shop
s d
uri
ng
this
per
iod
, b
ut
they
mak
e it
cle
ar th
at n
o p
atte
rn w
as e
mer
g-
ing
(Ano
nym
i Med
iola
nesb
libe
llus,
Rer
um I
tali
caru
m S
crip
tore
s, f
asc.
359
-360
, p.
98
).
"Pro
Peccatis Patrum Puniri9': A Moral and
Legal Problem of the Inquisition
KE
NN
ET
W PE
NN
ING
TO
N
Th
e f
irst
let
ter
in P
ope
Inn
oce
nt
111'
s re
gis
ter
of h
is s
econ
d ye
ar w
as
Ver
gent
is in
seni
um,
a le
tter
whi
ch h
e se
nt
to t
he
city
of
Vit
erbo
in M
arch
, 11
99. T
he
dec
reta
l re
flec
ted
Inn
oce
nt's
gro
win
g co
nce
rn w
ith
here
sy i
n th
e p
apal
sta
tes
and
est
abli
shed
new
an
d m
ore
str
ing
ent
pena
ltie
s fo
r th
ose
who
rej
ecte
d o
r su
bv
erte
d t
he
Chr
isti
an f
aith
. In
Ver
gent
is, p
erh
aps
foll
owin
g th
e R
oman
law
yer
Pla
cent
inus
, In
no
cen
t im
pose
d th
e tr
adi-
ti
onal
spi
ritu
al p
un
ish
men
t of
exc
omm
unic
atio
n o
n h
eret
ics,
eq
uat
ed
here
sy w
ith
lese
maj
esty
, an
d a
pp
lied
to
con
vict
ed h
eret
ics
the
sanc
tion
s fo
r tr
easo
n in
R
oman
la
w:
com
plet
e co
nfis
cati
on
of
good
s,
even
d
isin
her
itin
g i
nn
oce
nt
chil
dre
n.'
Th
e p
un
ish
men
t w
as f
itti
ng,
Inn
oce
nt
ob
serv
ed,
beca
use
a h
eret
ic i
nju
red
cel
esti
al m
ajes
ty,
a cr
ime
far
mo
re
hei
no
us
than
any
off
ense
co
mm
itte
d a
gain
st t
emp
ora
l au
tho
rity
. S
ince
th
e he
reti
cs i
n V
iter
bo c
on
tin
ued
to
dem
and
his
att
enti
on
lat
er i
n hi
s po
ntif
icat
e, w
e d
o n
ot k
now
how
eff
ecti
ve I
nn
oce
nt's
dec
ree
was
, b
ut
Ver
g-en
tis d
id e
stab
lish
a p
rece
den
t fo
r pa
pal
acti
on t
hro
ug
ho
ut
Chr
is-
ten
do
m.
In o
rder
to
roo
t o
ut
all
vest
iges
of
here
sy,
Inn
oce
nt
exte
nd
ed
the
prov
isio
ns o
f th
e de
cret
al f
rom
th
e he
reti
cs th
emse
lves
to
thei
r "s
up-
po
rter
s, d
efen
der
s, a
nd
har
bo
rers
." T
he
dec
reta
l m
ark
ed t
he
firs
t fi
rm
step
of
his
incr
easi
ngly
gri
m p
olic
y to
use
all
of
the
reso
urce
s of
th
e ch
urc
h t
o e
xti
rpat
e he
resy
fro
m C
hris
tian
lan
ds.
Th
e s
tep
fro
m V
iter
bo
to t
he
Alb
igen
sian
cru
sad
e w
as a
sh
ort
on
e. A
nd
, si
nce
here
sy w
as a
n e
c-
cles
iast
ical
cri
me,
bo
th l
aym
en a
nd
cle
rics
who
wer
e ac
cuse
d of
her
esy
had
th
eir
case
s h
eard
in
ecc
lesi
asti
cal c
ou
rts,
giv
ing
law
yers
an
oth
er it
em
to a
dd
to
the
list
of
case
s in
whi
ch t
he
po
pe
coul
d ex
erci
se ju
risd
icti
on i
n
the
secu
lar
wor
ld.
Unt
il t
he
pers
ecut
ion
of h
eres
y fe
ll i
nto
des
uet
ud
e in
th
e ei
gh
teen
th c
entu
ry,
the
law
of
here
sy w
as g
ov
ern
ed b
y th
e st
ark
pro
- vi
sion
s of
Ver
gent
is. T
he
inqu
isit
ion'
s m
od
ern
ch
ron
icle
r, H
enry
Cha
rles
L
ea,
rem
ark
ed t
hat
"if
th
ere
wer
e th
ose
[in
th
e fi
ftee
nth
and
six
teen
th
nnin
gton
is
prof
esso
r in
the
Dep
artm
ent
of H
isto
ry, S
yrac
use
Uni
vers
ity,