Launching a New Ship Launching a New Ship of Stateof State

Chapter 10Chapter 10

Essential Question?Essential Question?

What What challenges did challenges did the US face the US face under the under the Washington and Washington and Adams (Sr.) Adams (Sr.) administrationsadministrations??

Washington’s Timeline Washington’s Timeline 1789: Constitution 1789: Constitution

formally goes into formally goes into effecteffect

Washington elected Washington elected presidentpresident

1790: 11790: 1stst Census Census 1791: Bill of Rights 1791: Bill of Rights

adoptedadopted Vermont becomes 14Vermont becomes 14thth

statestate Bank of US createdBank of US created

1792: Washington 1792: Washington reelectedreelected Political parties createdPolitical parties created

1793: Washington’s 1793: Washington’s Neutrality ActNeutrality Act

1794: Whiskey 1794: Whiskey RebellionRebellion Battle of Fallen TimbersBattle of Fallen Timbers Jay’s Treaty Jay’s Treaty

1795: Pinckney’s 1795: Pinckney’s TreatyTreaty

1796: Washington’s 1796: Washington’s Farewell addressFarewell address

Growing PainsGrowing Pains

Constitution goes into effect 1789Constitution goes into effect 1789 George Washington inaugurated 1789George Washington inaugurated 1789 11stst CensusCensus: 1790: 1790 90% Rural90% Rural New states: Vermont (1791), Kentucky New states: Vermont (1791), Kentucky

(1792), Tennessee (1796), Ohio (1803)(1792), Tennessee (1796), Ohio (1803) Western states separated by Western states separated by

Appalachian MountainsAppalachian Mountains

Washington for PresidentWashington for President

Only president to be unanimously electedOnly president to be unanimously elected Strong character, deeply respectedStrong character, deeply respected 11stst capital: New York, NY capital: New York, NY Created Created cabinetcabinet (not mentioned in (not mentioned in

Constitution); executive department Constitution); executive department headsheads State Department = Thomas JeffersonState Department = Thomas Jefferson Treasury Dept. = Alexander HamiltonTreasury Dept. = Alexander Hamilton War Department = Henry KnoxWar Department = Henry Knox

Secretary of StateSecretary of the Treasury

Secretary of War

Presidential Cabinet

Thomas Jefferson Alexander Hamilton Henry Knox

STATE TREASURY WAR

The Bill of RightsThe Bill of Rights

States ratified the States ratified the Constitution Constitution believing a believing a Bill of Bill of RightsRights would be would be addedadded

James Madison James Madison drafted 12 drafted 12 amendments, only amendments, only 10 were ratified 10 were ratified

Judiciary Act of Judiciary Act of 17891789**

Bill of RightsBill of Rights 11stst: Freedom of : Freedom of

speech, assembly, speech, assembly, press, religion, and press, religion, and petitionpetition

22ndnd: Bear arms: Bear arms 33rdrd: No quartering: No quartering 44thth: Prohibits : Prohibits

unreasonable unreasonable searches and searches and seizuresseizures

Hamilton Revives the Corpse of Hamilton Revives the Corpse of Public CreditPublic Credit

Alexander Hamilton wanted greatnessAlexander Hamilton wanted greatness Treasury in debt to France for help Treasury in debt to France for help

during Revolution ($54 million)during Revolution ($54 million) Convinced Congress to “assume” the Convinced Congress to “assume” the

debts of the states ($21 million)debts of the states ($21 million) Hoped to “chain” the states to the Hoped to “chain” the states to the

federal governmentfederal government Virginia was not in debt, agreed when Virginia was not in debt, agreed when

new capital (DC) would be located near new capital (DC) would be located near Virginia Virginia

Customs Duties and Excise TaxesCustoms Duties and Excise Taxes

Hamilton believed that a national Hamilton believed that a national debt forced those who we owed $ to debt forced those who we owed $ to support the federal government (how support the federal government (how would they get their $ unless we would they get their $ unless we succeeded as a nation?)succeeded as a nation?)

Sources of revenue: tariffs, excise Sources of revenue: tariffs, excise tax on whiskeytax on whiskey Whiskey comes from corn; liquid easier Whiskey comes from corn; liquid easier

to transport than solidto transport than solid

Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a BankBank

Hamilton wanted a strong central bankHamilton wanted a strong central bank Stimulate domestic businesses Stimulate domestic businesses Provide paper currencyProvide paper currency

Jefferson opposed, believed that the Jefferson opposed, believed that the Constitution granted states banking Constitution granted states banking powerpower

11stst sign of “strict” v. “loose” sign of “strict” v. “loose” interpretation of the Constitutioninterpretation of the Constitution

Hamilton won, Hamilton won, Bank of US Bank of US chartered, chartered, 17911791

Mutinous Moonshiners in Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsylvania Pennsylvania

The excise tax on whiskey was not The excise tax on whiskey was not welcomed by western farmerswelcomed by western farmers

In Pennsylvania, farmers started the In Pennsylvania, farmers started the Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion

President Washington raised a militia President Washington raised a militia to quash rebellionto quash rebellion

Proved that the federal government Proved that the federal government could back up its laws could back up its laws

The Emergence of Political PartiesThe Emergence of Political Parties

Hamilton v. Jefferson feud fueled first Hamilton v. Jefferson feud fueled first political partiespolitical parties Hamilton’s followers believed in a strong Hamilton’s followers believed in a strong

central government and a central government and a loose loose interpretationinterpretation of the Constitution of the Constitution ((FederalistsFederalists))

Jefferson’s followers believed in strong Jefferson’s followers believed in strong states’ rights and a states’ rights and a strict strict interpretationinterpretation of the Constitution of the Constitution ((Democratic-RepublicansDemocratic-Republicans))

The Impact of the French The Impact of the French RevolutionRevolution

Began as an effort to create a Began as an effort to create a constitutional monarchy in Franceconstitutional monarchy in France

Inspired by the US Revolution and Inspired by the US Revolution and ConstitutionConstitution

French King Louis XVI was beheaded French King Louis XVI was beheaded along with other aristocratsalong with other aristocrats

Federalists, whom were mostly Federalists, whom were mostly aristocrats, feared a similar fate in the aristocrats, feared a similar fate in the USUS

Washington’s Neutrality Washington’s Neutrality ProclamationProclamation

United Kingdom soon declares war United Kingdom soon declares war on Franceon France

Democrats favored allying with Democrats favored allying with FranceFrance

Washington, knowing that our young Washington, knowing that our young nation was weak, wisely stayed away nation was weak, wisely stayed away from the warfrom the war

Neutrality Proclamation of 1793Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

Embroilments with BritainEmbroilments with Britain

UK controlled forts in modern day UK controlled forts in modern day MidwestMidwest

UK supplied weapons to Indian Nations UK supplied weapons to Indian Nations lead by lead by Little TurtleLittle Turtle, who attacked , who attacked Americans on the frontierAmericans on the frontier

1794 US General “Mad Anthony” Wayne 1794 US General “Mad Anthony” Wayne defeated Little Turtle at the defeated Little Turtle at the Battle of Battle of Fallen TimbersFallen Timbers and signed a peace and signed a peace treatytreaty

UK’s navy UK’s navy impressedimpressed hundreds of US hundreds of US sailorssailors

Jay’s Treaty and Washington’s Jay’s Treaty and Washington’s FarewellFarewell

Washington sent Chief Washington sent Chief Justice Marshall to the Justice Marshall to the UK to negotiate.UK to negotiate.

Jay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty: UK pays : UK pays damages for seized damages for seized ships, US agreed to ships, US agreed to pay revolutionary war pay revolutionary war debts.debts.

Republicans unhappy Republicans unhappy because southerners because southerners would have to pay the would have to pay the brunt of the debtbrunt of the debt

Pinckney’s Treaty: Pinckney’s Treaty: with Spain gave with Spain gave Americans rights to Americans rights to navigate the navigate the Mississippi River and Mississippi River and gave the US territory in gave the US territory in modern Alabama and modern Alabama and MSMS

Washington set a Washington set a tradition by not seeking tradition by not seeking a third term.a third term.

Warned against Warned against “alliances” in his “alliances” in his farewell addressfarewell address

John Adams Becomes PresidentJohn Adams Becomes President

Federalists knew Hamilton was Federalists knew Hamilton was unpopular, so they ran Vice President unpopular, so they ran Vice President John AdamsJohn Adams

Republicans supported Thomas JeffersonRepublicans supported Thomas Jefferson 1796 elections: Adams = 71, Jefferson = 1796 elections: Adams = 71, Jefferson =

6868 Adams was a master statesman, but not Adams was a master statesman, but not

very good with the public. Hamilton very good with the public. Hamilton worked behind the scenes to sabotage worked behind the scenes to sabotage Adams’ administration.Adams’ administration.

1796 Election Results1796 Election Results

Adams’ Timeline Adams’ Timeline

1797: Adams becomes president1797: Adams becomes president XYZ AffairXYZ Affair

1798: Alien and Sedition Acts1798: Alien and Sedition Acts 1798/99: Virginia and Kentucky 1798/99: Virginia and Kentucky

ResolutionsResolutions 1798: Undeclared war with France1798: Undeclared war with France 1800: Peace with France1800: Peace with France

Unofficial Fighting with FranceUnofficial Fighting with France

France saw Jay’s Treaty France saw Jay’s Treaty as an alliance with UKas an alliance with UK

France seized US shipsFrance seized US ships Adams sent a Adams sent a

negotiating team to negotiating team to France, but 3 France, but 3 Frenchmen, known only Frenchmen, known only as X, Y, and Z, as X, Y, and Z, demanded a bribe of demanded a bribe of $250,000 just to $250,000 just to negotiate (negotiate (XYZ Affair)XYZ Affair)

US expanded military, US expanded military, prepared for war with prepared for war with France.France.

US and France fought US and France fought limited battles at sealimited battles at sea

Adams Puts Patriotism Above PartyAdams Puts Patriotism Above Party

Adams wisely avoids full warAdams wisely avoids full war By now France was controlled by By now France was controlled by

Napoleon, who offered to hold honest Napoleon, who offered to hold honest peace negotiationspeace negotiations

The The Convention of 1800Convention of 1800 saw France saw France pay the US for damages and officially pay the US for damages and officially ended the Franco-American alliance ended the Franco-American alliance created during the US Revolutioncreated during the US Revolution

Set the stage for the Louisiana Set the stage for the Louisiana PurchasePurchase

The Federalist Witch HuntThe Federalist Witch Hunt

Federalists, fearing Federalists, fearing the Republican Party, the Republican Party, passed the Alien Act passed the Alien Act (increased the length (increased the length of time required for an of time required for an immigrant to become immigrant to become a citizen; most a citizen; most immigrants became immigrants became Republicans)Republicans)

Never enforcedNever enforced

Sedition Acts: limited Sedition Acts: limited freedoms of speech and freedoms of speech and press (targeted press (targeted Republicans who spoke Republicans who spoke out against Adams)out against Adams)

Many were thrown into Many were thrown into jailjail

The Alien and The Alien and Sedition Acts Sedition Acts targeted targeted pro-French supporters pro-French supporters (IE: Democrats)(IE: Democrats)

The Virginia and Kentucky The Virginia and Kentucky ResolutionsResolutions

Jefferson and Madison authored Jefferson and Madison authored these state laws in 1799.these state laws in 1799.

Established the idea of Established the idea of nullificationnullification: : if a state believes a federal law to be if a state believes a federal law to be unconstitutional, then it refuses to unconstitutional, then it refuses to follow it.follow it. Extreme states’ rights viewExtreme states’ rights view Laid groundwork for Civil War Laid groundwork for Civil War

(Secession)(Secession)

Federalists V. Democratic-Federalists V. Democratic-RepublicansRepublicans

Federalist preferred power to remain Federalist preferred power to remain in the hands of the elitein the hands of the elite Preferred a strong federal governmentPreferred a strong federal government Led by Alexander HamiltonLed by Alexander Hamilton

Democratic-Republicans preferred to Democratic-Republicans preferred to allow commoners to have a say in allow commoners to have a say in governmentgovernment Preferred a weak federal government, Preferred a weak federal government,

strong state governmentsstrong state governments Led by Thomas JeffersonLed by Thomas Jefferson

Federalist v. Democratic-Federalist v. Democratic-RepublicansRepublicans

Rule by eliteRule by elite Hostile to extension Hostile to extension

of democracyof democracy Powerful federal gov.Powerful federal gov. Loose interpretation Loose interpretation

of the Constitutionof the Constitution Protective tariffProtective tariff Pro-UKPro-UK National debt = goodNational debt = good

Rule by informed Rule by informed massesmasses

Friendliness toward Friendliness toward extension of extension of democracydemocracy

Weak federal gov., Weak federal gov., strong state gov.strong state gov.

Strict interpretation Strict interpretation of the Constitutionof the Constitution

Pro-FrenchPro-French

Essential Question?Essential Question?

What What challenges did challenges did the US face the US face under the under the Washington and Washington and Adams (Sr.) Adams (Sr.) administrationsadministrations??