latin vocabulary

Basic Latin Vocabulary

This list of approximately 1200 words contains what can be considered the core classical Latin vocabulary. Of course there is much overlap with the more than 900 words to be learned in Wheelock. The definitions offered are, by necessity, limited. The list is also somewhat shorter than it appears because it contains what are, in effect, some duplications: for example, some distinctive plural uses of nouns have separate entries (e.g. animus and animi). I have compiled this from various sources, and so there are some minor inconsistencies in formatting.

A list of the learning vocabulary from Wheelock (6th ed.) is at: http://www.slu.edu/colleges/AS/languages/classical/latin/tchmat/grammar/vocabulary/wh-voc.html

For one list of the 300 most common Latin words, see http://www.inrebus.com/latinwords.php

This breaks the vocabulary down by declension, etc., and has a frequency list so you can check on your knowledge of the most common words: http://www.rustymason.com/edu/lang/latin/an_essential_latin_vocabulary.pdf

A list of the 3000 most common Latin word forms can be found at http://www.slu.edu/colleges/AS/languages/classical/latin/tchmat/grammar/vocabulary/hif-ed2.html . Going through the top 1000, for example, can be a very good exercise since it will test you on oblique forms (e.g., eius no. 27, quibus no. 51, omnes no. 70) and lots of little words such as conjunctions and adverbs.

If you are very interested in Latin poetry, you might want to have a copy of the American AP vocabulary list for Vergil: home.montgomerybell.com/~deyound/2005Vergillist.doc

Numbers: (A&G 133 has a thorough list, for reference). Only a few numbers are in this list. You should know: one through thirteen; the “tens” from twenty through ninety; the hundreds from one hundred through one thousand; the ordinals for one through twelve, and be ready to recognize that the rest end in -ensimus.

There are also only a few proper names, mostly from myth and the Aeneid.

M.S. Cummings

Latin learning vocabulary, page 1

http://www.slu.edu/colleges/AS/languages/classical/latin/tchmat/grammar/vocabulary/wh

http://www.inrebus.com/latinwords.php

http://www.rustymason.com/edu/lang/latin/an_essential_latin_vocabulary.pdf

http://www.slu.edu/colleges/AS/languages/classical/latin/tchmat/grammar/vocabulary/hif

a, ab (+ abl.; also used as prefix with verbs) from, away from, byabeo, abire, abii, abitum to go away, depart; to die; to disappearabsens, absentis absent, awayac [atque] and, and alsoaccedo, accedere, accessi, accessum to come to, approach; to agreeaccendo accendere, accendi, accensum set on fire; inflame; arouse; inspireaccido, accidere, accidi to fall upon; happen; occuraccipio accipere, accepi, acceptus accept, take in, receive, let inacer, acris, acre sharp, keen, eager, severe, fierce (adjectiveacerbus, a, um harsh, bitter, grievousAchilles -is, m. greatest of the Greek heroes at Troyad (+ acc.; also used as prefix with verbs) to, towards, at, near to, byadeo adire adivi/adii aditum go to, approach, reach visit, encounter, meetaděo to that degree, soadfero [same as affero] adferre, attuli, allatum to bring toadfor [affor] adfari, adfatus sum address, speak toadhuc (adv) thus far, hitherto; stilladigo -igere -egi -actum drive forthadiuvo, adiuvare, adiuvi, adiutum to helpadloquor [alloquor] alloqui, allocutus sum address, speak toadmitto, admittere, admisi, admissum to admit, receive, let inadsum adess adfui be present, be at hand, nearadulescens, adulescentis, m. youth; young manadulescentia, adulescentiae, f. youth: adolescenceadvenio, advenire, adveni, adventum to come; arrive, reachadversus, a, um opposite, facing, adversaryaedificium, aedificii, n. building, structureaedifico aedificare, aedificavi, aedificatus buildaeger aegra aegrum sick, diseased, weary, weakAeneas -ae hero of the AeneidAeolus -i god of the windsaequor aequoris, n. the sea, surface of the sea, a level surfaceaequus, a, um level, even; calm; equal, justaer, aeris, m. air, breeze, mist, cloud

M.S. Cummings


aes, aeris, n. bronzeaestimo, aestimare, aestimavi, aestimatum to consider, esteem; to judgeaetas, aetatis, f. period, time of life, ageaeternus, a, um eternal, everlastingaether upper air, ether; air; sky, heavenaffero, afferre, attuli, allatus to bring to; carry; produceAfrica -ae Northern AfricaAfricus -i the southwest windager, agri, m. field: acre, agralaggredior, aggredi, aggressus sum approach, advance; attack; undertakeagmen agminis, n. army , column, train, formation, rank, lineagnosco agnoscere agnovi agnitum recognizeago, agere, egi, actum to drive, lead, do, act; pursue, urge, conduct;.../ deliver (speech); pass, spend (time); imperative = “come!”agricola, agricolae, m. farmerait / aiunt says, assertsala -ae, f. wing, pinion; military formation (“wing”)aliquis aliquid someone, anyonealiquot several alius alia, aliud other, another, elsealo, alere, alui, altum to nourish, support, sustainalter altera, alterum the other, another, the second of twoaltus -a -um high, deep; lofty, profound;[as noun altum -i the sea, heaven]ambulo, ambulare, ambulavi, ambulatum to walkamica, amicae, f. friend, girlfriendamicitia, amicitiae, f. friendshipamicus amici, m friendamicus, a, um friendlyamitto amittere amisi amissum lose, send away; let go; let slipamo amare, amavi, amatus love, like, cherishamor, amoris, m. love; affection, fondness; as person = Cupidamplector amplecti amplexus sum enfold, embrace, wind aboutamplus -a -um big, large

M.S. Cummings


an (particle) whether, or Anchises -ae Aeneas’s fatherancilla ancillae, f. slave-girl, slave-womananima, animae, f. breath, breath of life; life, existence; shade, soul spiritanimadverto, -tere, -ti, -sum pay attention to, attend to; notice, observeanimal, animalis, n. animalanimi, animorum, m. pride, high spirits, courageanimus animi, m soul, mind, spirit, heart, courage, daring, feelingannus anni, m yearante (+ acc.) before, in front of, previouslyantiquus, a, um ancient, of old, of olden timesantrum -i, n. cave, cavern, grottoaperio, aperire, aperui, apertum uncover, open, disclose, revealApollo -onis god of music and prophecyappareo, apparere, apparui, apparitum appear, show up, occurappello, appellare, appellavi, appellatum to call, nameappropinquo -quare, -quavi (+ dat.) approach, come near toapud (+ acc.) at the house of, at, by, near, with; .../ among; in; before; in the time of; in the works ofaqua, aquae, f. water: aquatic, aquaparkAquilo -onis, m. the north wind, windara arae, f. altararbitror, arbitrari, arbitratus sum to judge, thinkarbor, arboris, f. tree, trunk, shootardeo be on fire, burn, blazeArgivus -a -um Greek, Argiveargumentum, argumenti, n. proof, evidence, argument: argument, argumentationarma, armorum, n. arms, weapons: arms, armory, army; warars artis, f art, skillartus artus, m. pl. joints, limbs, frame, bodyarvum -i, n. plowed land, cultivated field, fieldarx arcis, f. citadel, fortress, stronghold; hill, peakas, assis, m. an as (ancient coin)Ascanius -i Aeneas’s son

M.S. Cummings


ascendo ascendere, ascendi, ascensus to climbAsia -ae Asia Minorasper, aspera, asperum rough, harsh, bitteraspicio (same as adspicio) look at, look upon, behold; regardat but; yet, at leastater atra atrum black, dark, sable, dusky; gloomyAthenae, Athenarum, f. Athens: Athensatque and, and also; but, thanattollo attollere lift up, raise up; rearauctor, auctoris, m. author, originator; supporteraudax, audacis bold, daring; courageous; rashaudeo, audere, ausus sum to dare, venture, riskaudio audire, audivi, auditus to hear, listen toauditor, auditoris, m. listener, heareraura, aurae breeze, wind, air; vaporaureus, a, um golden; gilded; beautifulauris, auris, f. ear: ear (cognate), auralAurora -ae morning, dawn, personified as goddess of morningaurum, auri, n. gold; riches: aureate, auricAusonius -a -um Ausonian, ItalianAuster -stri, m. the south windaut (aut ... aut) either, orauxilium, auxilii helpavarus, a, um greedy, avaricious : avarice, avariciousaverto, avertere, averti, aversum to avert, turn awayavis -is f. birdBacchus, Bacchi god of wine, son of Jupiter and Semelebasium, basii, n. kissbeatus, a, um happy, fortunate, blessedbellum, belli, n. war, fightingbellus, a, um pretty, handsomebene well, satisfactorily, quite (adverb)beneficium, beneficii, n. benefit, kindness, favor: beneficial, beneficiarybibo bibere, bibi to drink

M.S. Cummings


bis twice, double (adv.)bonus, -a, -um good; kindBoreas -ae the north wind, the Northbrevis, breve short, brief : breve, brief, brevitycado, cadere, cecidi, casum to fall, fall down, descendcaecus, a, um blindcaedes -is, f. killing, slaughter, carnagecaelum caeli, n. sky, heavenCaesar, Caesaris, m. Augustus Caesar, Julius Caesar, caesarcalamitas, calamitatis f. disaster, calamitycampus, campi m. plain, level field, surfacecandidus, a, um shining, bright, white; beautifulcanis canis, m and f dogcano, canere, cecini, cantum sing, celebrate, chant; recitecapio, capere, cepi, captum to capture, take, get: capture, perceptioncaput capitis, n head, the summit, personcareo, carere, carui, cariturum to be without, lack, be deprived fromcarmen, carminis, n. poem, song: charmcarpo, carpere, carpsi, carptum to harvest, pluck, seize: carp, excerptCarthago, Carthaginis, f. Carthage: Carthage, Carthaginiancarus, a, um dear, precious, valued : caress, charitycasa, casae, f. house, hutcastrum -i n. (usually castra -orum n pl) military campcasus, casus f. fall, overthrow, ruin, failure; chance;.../ accident: case, casualcausa + gen. for the sake of, on account ofcausa, causae, f. cause, reason; case, situationcavus -a -um hollow, excavatedcedo, cedere, cessi, cessum to go, withdraw; yield to, grant, submitceler celeris, celere quick, fastceleritas, celeritatis f. speed, quickness; speed of action, haste: celeritycella, cellae f. room; storeroom: cell, cellarcelo, celare, celavi, celatum conceal; disguise; keep in the darkcena cenae, f dinner, meal

M.S. Cummings


ceno, cenare, cenavi, cenatum to dine: cenation, cenaclecentum hundred : centenial, cent, percent, centipedeCeres -eris goddess of agriculture; wheat, graincerno, cernere, crevi, cretum to distinguish, discern, perceivecertus, a, um definite, sure, certain : certaincervix, cervicis, f. neck, napeceteri ceterae, cetera the rest, the otherscibus cibi, m foodCicero –onis,m. M. Tullius Cicero cingo, cingere, cinxi, cinctum to surround, gird; equip: ceinture, precinctcircum (+ acc.) around, about, at, among, nearcircumdo -dare -dedi -datum surround, place around, encompasscivis civis, m and f citizencivitas, civitatis, f. state, citizenship: civity, civilian, civilizationclam silently secretlyclamo, clamare, clamavi, clamatum to proclaim, declare; shout outclamor clamoris, m shout, shouting, noiseclarus, a, um clear, bright; famous, illustriousclassis -is, f. fleet, divisionclaudo claudere clausi clausum shut, close, enclose; besiege; conclude, finishclementia, clementiae, f. mercy, mildness, clemency: clemency, clementclipeus -i, m. round shieldcoepi* coepere coepi coeptum to begin cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum to think: cogitation, cogitable, precogitatecognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognitum to learn, recognize; know (perf. tenses);.../ get to know, find outcogo, cogere, coegi, coactum to drive together, bring together, force, compelcohors -tis f. a troop of soldiers colligo -igere -egi -ectum gather, collect; assemble; pick up,.../ infer, reckon [note that there is also colligo -are]colloquium -ii n. conferencecolloquor, colloqui, collocutus sum to speak with; talk overcoma -ae, f. hair; foliagecomes, comitis comrade, companion

M.S. Cummings


comitor comitari comitatus accompany, attend, followcommitto, committere, commisi, commissum to entrust, commit; joincommoveo -movere -movi -motum to arouse, disturbcommunis, commune common, generalcomparo -are to buy, prepare complector - i - plexus embrace graspcompleo -plere -plevi -pletum to fill up,completecompono -ponere -posui -positum collect, lay; put to rest, quietcomprehendo, -endere, -ensi, -ensum to grasp, seize, arrest;comprehend, understandconcedo cedere cessi cessum to withdraw, yieldcondo, condere, condidi, conditum to put together, store; found, establish: conditionconfero, conferre, contuli, collatum to bring together, compare; to go (+reflex.)conficio, conficere, confeci, confectum to make, complete, accomplish; do thoroughlyconfiteor, confiteri, confessus sum to confess, admit, acknowledge, revealconiunx, coniugis c. spouse; husband, wife: conjugalconiuratus, coniurati, m. conspirator: conjurate (obsolete)conor, conari, conatus sum to try, attempt: conation, conatusconservo, -are, -avi, -atum to preserve, conserve, maintainconsilium consilii, n plan, idea, advice, purposeconspicio -icere, -exi, -ectus to catch sight of, noticeconstituo, -uere, -ui, -utum to set up; locate; decide, resolve; establishconsto -stare -stiti -statum to stand still (i.e. stop)consuesco -suescere -suevi -suetum to become used toconsul, consulis, m. consul: consul, consulateconsumo, -sumere, -sumpsi, -sumptum to consume, use upcontemno, -temnere, -tempsi, -temptum to despise, condemncontendo, -tendere, -tendi, -tentum to strive, struggle, contend; hastencontineo, continere, continui, contentum to containcontra + acc. against; opposite to; contrary to; face to facecontundo, contundere, contudi, contusum to beat, crush, bruise, destroyconubium -bii, n. marriageconvenio convenire, conveni to come together, gather, meetcopia, copiae, f. abundance, supplycopiae, copiarum, f. troops, forces

M.S. Cummings


cor cordis, n. heartcoram (adv) face to facecornu, cornus, n. horn,,trumpet horn, wing of an armycorona, coronae f. crown, garland; wealthcorpus, corporis, n. body: corpse, corporal, corporation, incorporatecorripio -ripere, -ripui, -reptum snatch up, lay hold of; rebuke, chastise; shorten; .../ hasten; seize unlawfully; attack

cotidie dailycras tomorrow (adverb)tecredo credere, credidi, creditus + dative to believe (in), trust; confide (in)creo, creare, creavi, creatum to create: create, recreate, creaturecresco, crescere, crevi, cretum to increasecrinis -is, m. hair; tail of a cometcrudelis, crudele cruel, severe; harsh, bitter: crude, cruelcruentus -a -um spotted with blood, bloody, stainedculpa, culpae, f. fault, blameculpo, culpare, culpavi, culpatum to blame, censurecum (prep. + abl.) with; along with; amid; with words expressing.../ strife, contention, etc., againstcum (conj. + subj.) when, since, although (conjunction)cunctor, cunctori, cunctatus sum delay, linger, hesitatecucupiditas, cupiditatis, f. desire, longing, passioncupido, cupidinis, f. desire, passioncupidus, a, um desirous, eager, fond; desirous of,eager for (+gen.)cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitum to desire, wish, long forcur? why? (indeclinable adverb)cura, curae, f. care, attention; love; anxietycuro, curare, curavi, curatum to care for, attend to; heal, cure; take carecurro, currere, cucurri, cursum to run, rush; flowcurrus -i, m. chariot, car, wagoncursus, cursus, m. running, race, course, attack; a run, journeycustodia, custodiae, f. protection, custody; pl., guardscustodio custodire, custodivi, custoditus to guard

M.S. Cummings


custos, custodis c. to guard, watch; keeper, jailer: custodiandamno, -are, -avi, -atum to condemn, harm; find faultDanaus -a -um of Danaus (famous Greek king); pl. the GreeksDardanius -a -um Trojan, of DardanusDardanus -a -um of Dardanus, Trojande (+ ablative) from, down from, about; concerning, according todea deae, f goddessdebeo debere, debui, debitus to owe, ought, should, mustdecem tendecerno, decernere, decrevi, decretum to decree; to separatedecorus, a, um beautiful; adorned; proper, noblededico, dedicare, dedicavi, dedicatum to dedicatededuco -ducere -duxi -ductum lead awaydefendo, defendere, defendi, defensum to ward off, defend, protectdefero, deferre, detuli, delatum to carry off; transfer; reduce; offerdeinde (indeclinable adverb) thendelectatio, delectationis, f. delight, pleasure, enjoymentdelecto, -are, -avi, -atum to delight, charm, pleasedeleo, delere, delevi, deletum to destroy, wipe out, erasedeligo, deligere, delegi, delectum to choose, select; enrol: delectusDelius -a -um of Delos; of Apollodemens, dementis demented, mad; foolish : demented, dementiademitto let down, drop, let fall, sheddemonstro, -are, -avi, -atum to point out, show, demonstratedescendo descendere, descendi, descensus to go down, come downdesero leave, forsake, abandon, desertdesidero, -are, -avi, -atum to desire, long for, missdesino, -sinere, -sivi, -situm to give up; abandon, cease, desistdesum -esse -fui be lacking, faildeterreo, -ere, -ui, -itum to deter; frighten away, discouragedeus dei, m goddexter, dextra, dextrum right, right-hand, right-handed, skilfullDiana -ae sister of Apollo; goddess of the moon and huntdico dicere, dixi, dictus to say, speak, sing, describe, name

M.S. Cummings


dictum -i, n assertion, remark, sayingDido -onis, f. queen of Carthagedies, diei, m. (f.) day, daylightdiffero, differre, distuli, dilatum to differ; delay; dispersedifficilis difficile difficultdigitus, digiti, m. finger, toedignitas, dignitatis, f. merit, prestige, dignity: dignitydignus, a, um (+ abl.) worthy, worthy ofdiligens, diligentis diligent, carefuldiligentia, diligentiae f. diligencee, care; frugalitydiligo, diligere, dilexi, dilectum to esteem, lovedirus -a -um ominous, fearful, awful, dreadful, horribleDis, Ditis Pluto, god of the underworlddiscedo, -dere, -ssi, -ssum to go away, departdiscipula, discipulae, f. student (female)discipulus, discipuli, m. studentdisco, discere, didici to teachdissimilis, dissimile unlike, different, dissimilar : dissimilardiu (indeclinable adverb) for a long timedives, divitis (ditis) rich, wealthy, opulent; a rich man (subst.)divido -videre -visi -visum divide distribute separate divitiae, divitiarum, f. wealth, richesdivus -a -um of a deity, godlike, divinedo dare, dedi, datus to give, appoint; grant, bestow; emit, utterdoceo docere, docui, doctus to teachdoctus, a, um taught, learned, skilleddoleo, dolere, dolui, doliturum to grieve, suffer; hurt, give paindolororis, m. pain, grief, trouble; suffering, anguishdomi at home (adverb): domesticdomina dominae, f mistress, ladydominus, domini, m. master, lorddomo from homedomum to homedomus, domus, f. house, home

M.S. Cummings


donum doni, n gift, presentdormio dormire, dormivi, dormitum to sleepdubito, dubitare, dubitavi, dubitatum to doubt, hesitatedubium, dubii n doubt, questiondubius, a, um doubtful, dubious, uncertainduco, ducere, duxi, ductum to lead, take; consider, regard; choose;.../ prolong; conduct, guidedulcis, dulce sweet, pleasant, agreeable : dulcifydum while; (with subjunctive) untilduo, duae, duo twodurus, a, um hard, harsh, rough, stern, unfeelingdux, ducis, m. leader, guide, commander, generale, ex (+ abl.; also used as prefix with verbs) from, out of, out; since; according toecce! look! behold! lo!edo -dere -didi -ditum put forth, bring forth, produceeduco, educare, educavi, educatum to bring up, educate; bring outeffero, efferre, extuli, elatum to carry out; bring out; raise; bear, produceeffor effari effatus sum utter, tell, speak outeffugio effugere, effugi, effugitum to escapeegeo, egere, egui + abl. to need, lack, wantego mei (pronoun) I, meegredior, egredi, egressus sum to go outegregius -a -um distinguished, excellent, eminentelephantus, elephanti, m. elephantemo, emere, emi, emptum to buy; gain, obtainenim for, namely, that is to sayensis -is, m. swordeo (adv) to this point, so far, thus far; thereforeeo ire, i(v)i, itum to go (walk, ride, sail, move)epistula epistulae, f letter, despatchequidem indeed, trulyequus equi, m horseergo therefore, consequently, accordinglyeripio, eripere, eripui, ereptum to snatch away, take away; rescue

M.S. Cummings


erro, errare, erravi, erratum to wander, err, go astray; be in erroret and, also, evenetiam also, even, too, stillEuropa -ae Europe; Europa (mother of Minos by Zeus)Eurus -i southeast or east windevado -vadere -vasi -vasum go out, come away,escapeex see “e”exanimus -a -um lifeless, deadexcedo -cedere -cessi -cessum go away, withdrawexcipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum to take out, except; take, receive, capture; withdrawexemplar, exemplaris n. model, pattern, example; copyexemplum, exempli n. sample, specimen, representative; modelexeo, exire, exii, exitum to go out, exit: exitexercitus, exercitus, m. armyexigo, exigere, exegi, exactum to drive out, force out; exact; complete, perfectexiguus, a, um small; meager; poorexitium, exitii, n. destruction, ruinexorior, exoriri, exortus sum to come out; bring; appear; riseexpedio -ire -ivi and -ii, -itum to free from fetters; let looseexpello, expellere, expuli, expulsum to drive out, expel, banish: expellexperior, experiri, expertus sum to try, test, experienceexpleo, explere, explevi, expletum to fill, fill up, completeexplico, explicare, explicavi, explicatum to unfold, explain; spread out, deployexpono, exponere, exposui, expositum to set forth, explain, exposeexsilium, exsilii, n. exile, banishmentexspecto, -are, -avi, -atum to look for, expect, awaitextremus -a -um outermost, utmost, farthest; remotest; tipexuviae -arum, f. pl. spoils; relics; skinfabula, fabulae, f. story, tale, fablefacilis, facile easy, agreeable (adv. facile)facio, facere, feci, factum to make, do, accomplishfactum, facti, n. deed, actfallo fallere fefelli falsum trip, fall; err, mistake, deceive oneself; escape noticefama, famae, f. rumor, report; fame; reputation; tradition

M.S. Cummings


familia, familiae, f. family, householdfas (indecl.) divine law; with est = it is lawful, it is permittedfateor, fateri, fassus sum to confess, admitfatigo, fatigare, fatigavi, fatigatum to weary, tire outfatum, fati, n. fate, death; predictionfaveo, favere, favi, fautum to favor, befriend, support, back upfelix, felicis lucky, fortunate, happyfemina feminae, f womanfenestra, fenestrae, f. windowfero, ferre, tuli, latum to bear, carry, bring; suffer, endure; say,.../ report: refer, defer, conferferox ferocis fierce, ferociousferrum, ferri, n. iron; sword: ferreousfestino festinare, festinavi hurryfidelis, fidele faithful, loyalfides, fidei, f. faith, trust, fidelity,trustworthiness;.../ promise, guaranteefidus -a -um loyal, faithful, crediblefigo figere fixi fixum fix, fasten, establish; piercefigura, figurae f. shape, form, figure, image; beautyfilia filiae, f daughterfilius filii, m sonfines, finium, m. (pl. of finis) boundaries, territoryfinis, finis, m. end, limit, boundary, purpose, deathfio, fieri, factus sum to occur, happen, become; be made, be donefirmus, a, um firm, strong, reliableflamma, flammae f. flame, blaze; ardor; object of lovefleo flere flevi fletum: intransit weep, cry,wailfluctus -us, m. wave, tide, billow, surgeflumen, fluminis, n. river, floodfluo, fluere, fluxi, fluxum to flowfoedo -are -avi -atum make foul, defile, pollutefoedus, foederis n. treaty, agreement, contract; leaguefor, fari, fatus sum to speak, talk, foretell; confess

M.S. Cummings


foris outdoors, outside (adverb)forma, formae, f. form, shape, beautyfors fortis, f. chance, luck, fortunefortis forte brave, strong; courageous fortuna, fortunae, f. fortune, luckforum fori, n forum, market placefoveo, fovere, fovi, fotum to cherish; fondle, caressfrater -tris, m. brother; companionfremo, fremere, fremui, fremitum roar, resound; growl; rage; murmur;.../ clamour, applaud; grumblefrigidus, a, um cold, cool, chilly, frigid; lifelessfructus, fructus, m. fruit; producefrustra (adv) in vain, for nothingfuga, fugae f. flight; rapid motion; escape; exilefugio, fugere, fugi, fugiturum to flee, hurry awayfulgeo, fulgere, fulsi to flash, shine; glow, gleamfulgor, fulgoris n. lightening, flash; brightness, gloryfundo, fundere, fudi, fusum pour, pour out, shed; spread; produce;.../ route, scatter (note that there is also fundo fundare)funis -is, m. rope, cablefunus -eris, n. funeral procession, funeral rites, burial; death, murderfuro, furere, furui rage, rave, be out of one’s mindfuror -oris, m. raving, rage, madness, fury, passionfurtim stealthily, secretlygaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum to be glad, rejoicegaudium, gaudii n. joy: gaudygeminus, a, um twingemitus -us, m. groan, sighing, complaintgenitor -oris, m. fathergens, gentis, f. clan, race, nation, peoplegenu, genus, n. kneegenus, generis, n. origin, birth, kind, family, sort, class; stockgero, gerere, gessi, gestum to carry, bear, manage, conduct (e.g., war); accomplishgladius, gladii m. sword

M.S. Cummings


gloria, gloriae, f. glory, famegracilis, gracile slender, thin; poorgradior, gradi, gressus sum to walk, go, advanceGraius -a -um Greekgratia -ae f. grace, favor, goodwillgratus, -a, -um pleasing, agreeable; gratefulgravis, grave heavy, serious, important, grievous, burdenedhabeo, -ere, -ui, -itum to have, hold, support, possess; consider, regardhabito -are, -avi, -atus livehaereo -ere haesi haesum cling, stick, be fastened; linger, pausehasta, hastae, f. spearhaud not, not at all, by no meansHecate -es goddess of the underworldHector -oris Troy’s champion, son of Priamheri yesterdayheros heroos, m. hero, demigodHesperia -ae Western Land, ItalyHesperius -a -um western, Hesperian; Italianheu alas !hic haec, hoc this, he, she, it; the latterhic (adv.) herehiems (hiemps) -emis f winter storm, stormy weather, winter quartershinc from this place, hence; on either sidehodie today (adverb)homo hominis, m man, human beinghonestus, a, um distinguished, reputable, respected; worthyhonor, honoris, m. honor, esteem; public officehora horae, f hourhorridus, a, um wild, frightful, rough; unkempthortor, hortari, hortatus sum to encourage, urgehortus horti, m gardenhospes, hospitis m. host; guest, visitor, strangerhostis, hostis, m. stranger, foreigner, an enemy; pl., the enemyhuc to this place, hither; to this point, so far

M.S. Cummings


humanus, a, um humanhumilis, humile lowly, humblehumus, humi, f. ground, earth, soiliaceo, iacere, iacui to lie, lie prostrate, lie deadiacio, iacere, ieci, iactum to throw, hurl: ejectiacto -are -avi -atum throw out; consider, discuss; pronounce, utter, speakiam now, already; at this time; with a neg., longer, moreianua ianuae, f dooribi thereidem, eadem, idem the same : identity, identify, identicalidoneus, a, um suitable, fit, appropriate : idoneityigitur therefore, and soignis, ignis, m. fireignosco, -scere, -vi, -tum (+ dat.) to grant pardon to, forgiveIliacus -a -um of Ilium, TrojanIlium -i Troy, Iliumille illa, illud pronoun that, he, she, itillic (adv) there, at that placeilluc (adv) thither, to that placeimago imaginis, f. image; ghost, vision; reminderimmanis -e huge; monstrous, frightfulimmortalis, immortale immortalimpedio, -ire, -ivi, -itum to impede, hinder, preventimpello -pellere -puli -pulsum strike against, strike, push; set in motionimperator, imperatoris, m. general, commander-in-chiefimperium, imperii, n. power to command, authority, command, controlimpero, -are, -avi, -atum (+ dat.) to give orders to, commandimpius, a, um wicked, impious, irreverentimpleo, implere, implevi, impletum to fill up, satisfy; finishimploro -are appeal for aid; imploreimpono -ere -sui -situm put on top ofimus lowest, deepest, lastin- (joined intensifying or negativing prefix) highly, more and more; not, un-in + abl. at; in; on; within; among

M.S. Cummings


in + acc. to; into; against; for; towards; untilinanis -e useless, empty, meaninglessincendo -ndere -ndi -nsum set fire to, burn; rouse, inciteincertus, a, um uncertain, doubtfulincipio, incipere, incepi, inceptum to beginincola, incolae m. inhabitantincolo, incolere, incolui to live, dwell; to inhabitincumbo -cumbere -cubui -cubitum lean on, press; bend to; oppress; apply oneself toinde (adv) thence; hence, from that placeindignus, a, um unworthy, undeserving, shamefulinduco -ere -xi -ctum lead in, lead on, induceineo, inire, inii, initum to go in, enterinfelix, infelicis unfortunate, unhappy, wretched; miserable; barreninfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum bring in, import; inflict; (mil.) press forward, advanceinfirmus, a, um not strong, weak, feebleingenium, ingenii, n. nature, innate talentingens ingentis hugeingredior, ingredi, ingressus sum advance, walk; enter, go into; begininimicitia, inimicitiae f. unfriendliness, enmity, hostility: enmity, inimicableinimicus, a, um enemy, foe; hostile, damaginginitium, initii, n. beginning, commencementiniuria, iniuriae, f. injustice, injury, wronginquit he/she says, he/she said (irregular verb)insequor -i -cutus follow after, pursue; come next, proceed, go oninsidiae, insidiarum, f. ambush, plot, treacheryinsignis -e distinguished, remarkable, prominentinstituo, instituere, institui, institutum to set up, establish, make, institute; buildinsto -are -stiti stand forth, step forward; take a stand; press, pursueinsula insulae, f island; block of flatsintellego intellegere, intellexi, intellectus to understand, realiseintendo, intendere, intendi, intentum to hold out; stretch, strain, exertinter + acc. between, amonginterea (adv) meanwhile, in the meantime

M.S. Cummings


interest, interesse, interfuit it concerns, it interests: interestinterficio, interficere, interfeci, interfectum to kill, murderinterim (adv) meanwhile, in the "interim"intro intrare, intravi, intratus verb enterinvado, invadere, invasi, invasum enter, attempt; invadeinvenio, invenire, inveni, inventum to come upon, findinvideo, invidere, invidi, invisum to look at with envy, envy, be jealous ofinvidia, invidiae, f. envy, jealousy, hatredinvito, invitare, invitavi, invitatum to invite, summonIuppiter Iovis Jupiter, Joveipse ipsa, ipsum himself, herself, itself, themselvesipse ipsa ipsud himself, herself, itselfira, irae, f. anger, ireiratus irata, iratum angryis ea, id this, that, he, she, it, themiste ista istud that (of yours)ita (indeclinable adverb) in this way, to such an extent, so; thus? Really?; yes Italia -ae ItalyItalus -a -um Italian, of Italyitaque (indeclinable adverb) and so, thereforeitem in the same, way likewise iter, itineris, n. road, route, journeyiterum again, a second time, once moreiubeo, iubere, iussi, iussum to bid, order, commandiucundus, a, um pleasant, delightful, agreeableiudex, iudicis, m. judge, juror: judge, judicialiudicium, iudicii, n. judgement, decision, opinion; trialIulius -i a Roman nomen, or clan name (cf. Gaius Iulius.../ Caesar; the Julians)Iulus -i another name for Ascaniusiungo, iungere, iunxi, iunctum to join: join, junction, yokeIuno -onis goddess of marriage; wife of JupiterIuppiter, Iovis Jupiter, king of the godsiuro -are -avi -atum swear, take an oath; promise

M.S. Cummings


ius, iuris, n. right, justice, lawiussum, iussi n. command, orderiustus, a, um just, rightiuvenis iuvenis, m young, youthful; as a noun: young personiuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutum to help, aid, assistKarthago -ginis f. Carthage, an ancient city in N. Africalabor -oris, n. labor, toil, exertion; suffering, hardshiplabor, labi, lapsus sum slip, slip and fall; slide: lapse, collapselaboro, laborare, laboravi, laboratum to labor, be in distresslacrima, lacrimae, f. tearlacrimo lacrimare, lacrimavi verb weep, crylaetus, a, um happy, cheerful, joyous, gratefullargus -a -um generous, liberal, lavishLatini -orum the people of LatiumLatinus, a, um LatinLatium -i district in Italy south of the Tiberlatus -eris n side, side in general; a walllatus -a -um broad, wide, extensivelaudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatum to praiselaus, laudis, f. praiselector, lectoris, m. readerlegatus, legati m. legate, envoylegio -onis f a Legion of Roman army,an army in generallego, legere, legi, lectum to pick out, choose, gather, survey; readlentus lenta, lentum slowleo leonis, m lionletum -i, n. death, annihilationlevis -e smooth (long "e" in stem)levis, leve light, slight, easy, trivial (short “e” in stem)lex, legis, f. law, statute, principlelibellus, libelli, m. little bookliber -i ( m. pl.) children (the -i- is long)liber libri, m bookliber, libera, liberum free, honest, "gentlemanly"

M.S. Cummings


liberalis, liberale relating to a free person, decent, generouslibero, liberare, liberavi, liberatum to free, liberatelibertas, libertatis, f. liberty, freedomlibertus liberti, m freedman, former slavelibo, libare, libavi, libatum to pour a libation; to pour ritually; to sipLibya -ae, f. region of N. AfricaLibycus -a -um of Libyalicet, licere, licuit it is permitted, one may (cf. videlicet, scilicet)limen, liminis, n. threshold, door; house, dwellinglingua, linguae, f. tongue; languagelinquo, linquere, liqui go away, leave, depart from, abandonlittera, litterae, f. letter (of alphabet)litterae, litterarum, f. letter, literaturelitus, litoris, n. shore, coastloca, locorum, n. places, regionloco -are place, put, lay; establishlocus -i, m. place, spot; position; passage (in literature)longus, a, um long; a long period of time ; extendedloquor, loqui, locutus sum to say, speak, tell, talklucus -i grove, often a sacred groveludus, ludi, m. game, sport; schoollumen -inis, n. light; pl. eyesluna, lunae, f. moonlustro -are -avi -atum review, observe, examine; illuminatelux lucis, f. light, daylight brightness; pl. heavenly bodiesmaestus -a -um sorrowful, dejected, despondentmagis moremagister, magistri, m. teacher (male)magnanimus, a, um great-hearted, brave, magnanimousmagnitudo -inis f size, expanse, volumemagnus magna, magnum big, large, great, huge, mighty, importantmaior, maius greater, oldermaiores, maiorum ancestors: majority (as in 'join the majority', to die)male badly

M.S. Cummings


malus, a, um bad, wicked, evil ; hostilemando -are entrust (to someone) ; commission; ordermaneo manere, mansi to remain, staymanes -ium, m. departed spirit, ghost; gods of the lower world; the deadmanus -us, f. hand; band, troop; team of soldiers; handiworkmare maris, n seaMars, Martis god of warmater matris, f mother; native landmaturus -a -um ripe, mature; at the right timemaximus, -a, -um greatestmedicus, medici, m. doctormediocris, mediocre ordinary, moderatemedius media, medium middle, the middle ofmelior, melius bettermemini, meminisse to remember; recollectmemor, memoris remembering, mindfulmemoria, memoriae, f. memory: memory, memorialmemoro -are mention, recount, speak of, tellmens, mentis, f. mind, thought; intention; intellect; memory; feeling, heartmensa, mensae, f. table; anyting one eats onmercator mercatoris, m merchantMercurius -i Mercury, messenger of the gods; son of Jupiter and Maiamerus, a, um pure, undiluted (merum = neat wine)meta, metae, f. turning post, goal; limitmetus, metus, m. fear, dread, apprehensionmeus mea, meum my, minemiles militis, m soldiermille, milia thousandMinerva -ae Roman name for Athena, goddess of household craftsminime very little, least, nominimus, a, um smallest, leastminor, minus smaller, lessmirabilis, mirabile amazing, wondrous, remarkablemiror, mirari, miratus sum to marvel at, admire, wonder; be astonished

M.S. Cummings


mirus -a -um wonderful extraordinarymisceo, miscere, miscui, mixtum to mix, mingle, interminglemiser, misera, miserum miserable, wretchedmisereor, misereri, miseritus sum to pity, feel sorry for; view with compassionmiseret, miserere, miserit it distresses/grieves memiseror -ari -atus sum lament, commiserate; pity; feel sorrow formitto, mittere, misi, missum to send, let go, throw; dismissmodus, modi, m. measure, bound, limit; manner, methodmoenia, moenium, n. city walls, ramparts; walled citymoles -is f a large rock, lump of stone, earth; boulder;.../ mass, weight; greatness; difficulty, labor, trouble molior, moliri, molitus sum to work at, build, undertake, plan; rousemollio, mollire, mollivi, mollitum to soften; make calmmollis -e yielding, soft, tender, gentlemoneo -ere -ui -itum advise, warnmons montis, m mountain; hill; mass, heapmonstro, -are, -avi, -atum to show; point out, reveal; exhibit; advise, urgemonumentum, monumenti, n. monumentmora -ae f. delay, procrastination; obstruction, hindrancemorbus, morbi, m. disease, illness: morbidmorior, mori, mortuus sum to die, expire; decay, withermoror, morari, moratus sum to delay; stay, stay behind; devote attention tomors mortis, f deathmortalis -e mortal, transientmortuus, a, um deadmos, moris, m. habit, custom, manner; institution; pl., charactermoveo, movere, movi, motum move, remove, shake; excite, arouse, agitatemox (indeclinable adverb) soonmulier, mulieris, f. woman; wifemultitudo -inis f multitude, the populationmultum much (adverb)multus multa, multum much, many (pl.); great, high, abundantmundus, mundi, m. world, universemunio, munire, munivi, munitum to fortify; strengthen; protect, defend; build

M.S. Cummings


munus (moenus) -eris n duty, official responsibility; funerary rites, giftsmurmur murmuris, n. murmur, roar, growling, grumbling, crashmurus -i n. wall, fortificationMusa -ae a muse; one of the Musesmuto, mutare, mutavi, mutatum to change, alter, exchangenam fornamque fornanciscor nancisci na(n)ctus dep get get possession of acquirenarro, narrare, narravi, narratum to tell, reportnascor, nasci, natus sum to be born; spring forth, arisenasus, nasi, m. nosenata, natae, f. daughter: nativenatura, naturae, f. naturenatus -a -um born, made, destined, intendednatus, nati m. son, childnauta nautae, m sailornavigo, navigare, navigavi, navigatum to sailnavis, navis, f. ship, boat: navigation, naval, navyne (+ subj.) not; in order that…not, that…not; lest-ne indeclinable particle (introduces question)ne whether, ornec and not, also not; neither...nornecesse necessary, inevitableneco, necare, necavi, necatum to murder, killneglego, neglegere, neglexi, neglectum to neglectnego, negare, negavi, negatum to deny, say notnemo neminis (irregular) no one, nobodynemus, nemoris n. wood, forestnepos, nepotis, m. grandson, descendantNeptunus -i Neptune, god of the seaneque same as nec: and not, also not; neither...nornequiquam in vain, without reasonnescio, nescire, nescivi, nescitum not to know, be ignorantneuter, neutra, neutrum neither

M.S. Cummings


nihil nothingnihilum, nihili n. nothingnimis too, too muchnimium too, too muchnisi if … not; unlessnitor niti nisus or nixus dep lean, rest on, rely onnobilis -e worth knowing; remarkable notablenoceo, nocere, nocui, nocitum + dat. to do harm to, harm, injurenolo nolle, nolui not want, refuse, be unwillingnomen, nominis, n. name; titlenon (indeclinable adverb) not, by no meansnonne … ? surely … ?nos, nostrum we, usnosco, noscere to get to know; learn, find out; recognizenoster nostra, nostrum ournotus, a, um well known, familiar; esteemed; customaryNotus, Noti south wind; the windsnovem ninenovus -a -um new, young, fresh; novel nox noctis, f night, deathnoxa, noxae f. harm, injurynubes, nubis, f. cloud, mist, vapornubo, nubere, nupsi, nuptum to cover, veil; to be married to, marry (+ dat.)nullus nulla, nullum not any, no, no one; worthlessnum … ? (indeclinable particle) surely … not?numen, numinis n. divinity, divine will, divine power; god or goddessnumerus, numeri, m. numberNumidae -arum, m./f. Numidians, a people of N. Africanumquam (indeclinable adverb) nevernunc nownuntio, nuntiare, nuntiavi, nuntiatum to announce, report, relatenuntius nuntii, m messenger, message, newsnutrix, nutricis f. nursenympha -ae, f. nymph; young wife, maiden

M.S. Cummings


o O! oh!ob (prep. + acc.) on account of, for the sake of, forobeo, obire, obii, obitum to go up against, meet; dieobitus, obitus m downfall, death, setting (of the sun)oblecto, oblectare, oblectavi, oblectatum to please, amuse, delight; pass time pleasantlyobliviscor, oblivisci, oblitus sum to forgetobscurus -a -um dark, shady, obscure; unknownobsto, obstare, obstiti, obstatum to oppose, hinderobtineo -tinere -tinui -tentum hold on, stay remainoccasio, occasionis, f. occasion, opportunityoccido, occidere, occidi, occasum to fall down; die; set (e.g., the sun)occulte secretlyoccupo -are occupy, take possession of; take overocto eightoculus, oculi, m. eyeodi, odisse, osurum to hateodium, odii, n. hatredoffero, offerre, obtuli, oblatum to offerofficium, officii, n. duty, serviceolim (indeclinable adverb) once, some time agoOlympus -i Mt. Olympus, home of the godsomnino (adv) all in all, altogether; in generalomnipotens almighty, omnipotentomnis, omne every, all, wholeonus -eris, n. a burden, weighty loadopera -ae, f. work, a jobopinio, opinionis f. opinionopinor, opinari, opinatus sum to supposeoportet, oportere, oportuit it is proper, right, necessaryoppidum, oppidi n. townopprimo, -primere, -pressi, -pressum to suppress, overpower, check: oppressoppugno, oppugnare, oppugnavi, oppugnatum to fight against, attack, assault, assailops, opis, f. help, aid; pl., resources, power, wealthoptimus, a, um best

M.S. Cummings


opto, optare, optavi, optatum to choose, select, prefer; wish, desireopus, operis, n. work, task, labour, toil; deed, accomplishmentora -ae f. shore, coast; border, edge, rimoratio, orationis, f. speech: orationorator, oratoris, m. orator, speakerorbis, orbis n. circle, territory; region; world; shieldOrcus -i god of the underworld; the underworldorior, oriri, ortus sum to rise, arise; spring from, appearorno, ornare, ornavi, ornatum to equip, furnish, adornoro, orare, oravi, oratum to speak, plead; beg, beseech, entreatortus, ortus m. rise, origin; birth; sourceos, oris, n. mouth; face, expressionosculum, osculi, n. kissostendo, ostendere, ostendi, ostentum to exhibit, show, displayostium -i, n. door; mouth, entranceotium, otii, n. leisure, peacepaene almost, nearlypaenitet, paenitere, paenituit it displeases, makes angry, makes sorryPallas -adis/-ados another name for Athena/MinervaPallas -antis ally of Aeneas, son of Evanderpando pandere pandi pansum/passum spread out, extend; open, lay open; revealpar, paris equal, even, well-balanced, likeparens, parentis, m./f. parentparo, parare, paravi, paratum to prepare, provide, get, obtainpars, partis, f. part, share; direction; sideparvus parva, parvum small, short, briefpatefacio, patefacere, patefeci, patefactum to make open, open; disclose, exposepateo, patere, patui to be open, lie open, be accessible, be evidentpater patris, m fatherpatientia, patientiae, f. suffering; patience, endurancepatior, pati, passus sum to suffer, endure, bear, permitpatria, patriae, f. fatherland, country, native landpatrius -a -um fatherly; traditionalpauci paucae, pauca few, a few

M.S. Cummings


paulus, a, um small, littlepauper, pauperis poor; as subst. a poor man, pauperpaupertas, paupertatis, f. poverty, humble circumstances: pauper, povertypax pacis, f peacepectus, pectoris, n. breast, chest, heartpecunia pecuniae, f moneypeior, peius worse : impair, pejorativepelagus -i, m. seapello, pellere, pepuli, pulsum to strike, push, drive out, banish: pulse, repell, expellPenates -ium household gods, gods of the statependeo pendere pependi hang, be suspended; loiterpenitus inwardly, deeply; thoroughlyper (+ acc.) through, along; throughout, during; by means ofperduco -ducere -duxi -ductum bring through conduct;peregrinor, peregrinari, peregrinatus sum to travel abroad, wanderpereo, perire, perii, peritum to pass away, be destroyed, perishperfero -ferre -tuli -latum carry through, bring to the end, completeperficio, perficere, perfeci, perfectum to finish; execute; bring about, accomplishPergama -orum (Pergamon -i) n. Troypergo perrexi perrectum proceed, go on, hastenpericulum periculi, n dangerpernocto, pernoctare, pernoctavi, pernoctatum to spend the nightperpetuus, a, um eternal, perpetual, continuouspersuadeo, -suadere, -suasi, -suasum (+ dat.) to make sweet to, persuadeperterritus -a, -um terrifiedpertineo -tinere -tinui reach, extend, pertain topervenio -venire -veni -ventum arrive (come through); through);.../ penetrate (= get through) pes pedis, m. foot, leg; a foot (measurement)pessimus, a, um worstpeto petere, petivi, petitus to make for, seek, beg/ask for; aim at, attack, scanphilosophia, philosophiae, f. philosophyphilosophus, philosophi, m. philosopherPhoebus -i Apollo

M.S. Cummings


Phoenices -um PhoeniciansPhryges -um Trojans, PhrygiansPhrygius -a -um Phrygian, Trojanpietastatis, f. devotion, dutiful conduct, sense of duty; lovepiger, pigra, pigrum lazy, slowpius, a, um loyal, dutiful, pious, religously observantplaceo, placere, placui, placitum + dat. to be pleasing to, pleaseplebs, plebis, f. the common people, populace, plebeiansplenus, a, um fullplurimum most, very muchplurimus, a, um mostplus, pluris morepoena, poenae, f. penalty, punishmentPoeni -orum Carthaginianspoeta, poetae, m. poetpolliceor, polliceri, pollicitus sum promisepondus -eris n. weight, a weight,mass loadpono, ponere, posui, positum put, place; establish; lay downpontus -i, m. seapopulus -i, m. people, nationporta -ae, f. door, gate; avenue, entrance, outletporto, portare, portavi, portatum to carry, bringportus -us, m. port, harbor, havenposco poscere poposci ask for strongly demand; request; begpossum posse, potui can, be ablepost (older poste) (adv) after, afterwards, later; further onpost (prep. + acc.) after, behind; inferior toostea (adv) afterwards, nextpostquam after, whenpotens, potentis powerful, able, strongpotestas -tatis f power, ruleprae (prep. + abl.) in front of, beforepraebeo, praebere, praebui, praebitum to offer, providepraeceps -cipitis head-first, headlong; rushing onwards

M.S. Cummings


praeda -ae f booty plunder, loot (mil.)praefero, praeferre, praetuli, praelatum to carry in front of; offer; give preference topraeficio, praeficere, praefeci, praefectus to put in chargepraemium, praemii, n. rewardpraesto (adv/adj) ready at hand, ready on the spotpraesto, praestare, praestiti, praestitum to excel; show, offer, supply, furnishpraesum, praeesse, praefui be in charge, be presentpraeter (prep. + acc.) before, in front of ; in comparison with;.../ in the face of, under the pressure ofprecor, precari, precatus sum beg, wish, pray; ask, entreat, requestpremo premere, pressi, pressum press, pursue; overpower; bury; conceal; restrainpretium, pretii n. price, value: price, preciousPriamus -i Priam, king of Troyprimo at first, at the beginningprimum at first, in the first placeprimus prima, primum first, foremost, chief; excellentprinceps, principis chief, foremostprincipium, principii, n. beginningprior, prius former, previous, prior, firstpristinus, a, um ancient; former, previouspriusquam (adv) before, earlier thanpro (prep. + abl.) in front of, before, instead of, on behalf of; in return forprobitas, probitatis, f. uprightness, honestyprobo, probare, probavi, probatum to test; approve; recommendprocedo -cedere -cessi -cessum go ahead, go on, proceedprocul in the distance, far, from afar (sometimes prep. + gen.)prodeo -ire -ii -itum come forward; go forthproduco -ducere -duxi -ductum bring forward, forth; bring into viewproelium -i n. battle, fightproficiscor, -ficisci, -fectus sum to set out, startprogredior, -gredi, -gressus sum to go, come forth, go forward, march forwardprohibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum to prevent, hinder, restrain, prohibitproles -is, f. offspring, children, descendants, progeny; racepromitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum to send forth; promise

M.S. Cummings


pronuntio, -are, -avi, -atum to pronounce, announce, proclaimpronus -a -um bending forward, leaning forward; proneprope (+ acc.) nearpropero -are -avi -atum rush, hurry be in haste; rush to (do something)propono -ponere -posui -positum set forth, expose, exhibitpropter (prep. + acc.) on account of, becauseprosum, prodesse, profui to be useful, benefit, (with dat.)provideo -videre -vidi -visum see ahead, perceive in advanceprovincia, provinciae province; territoryproximus, a, um nearest, nextpublicus, a, um publicpudet, pudere, puduit, puditus est it shames, make ashamedpudicus, a, um modest, chastepuella, puellae, f. girlpuer, pueri, m. boy; pl., childrenpugna -ae f. fight any fight; battle (mil)pugno, pugnare, pugnavi, pugnatum to fightpulcher, pulchra, pulchrum beautiful, handsome; fine, noblepunio punire, punivi, punitus to punishpuppis -is, f. stern, poop; shipputo, putare, putavi, putatum to reckon, suppose, suppose, think, imaginePyrrhus -i, Achilles’ sonqua where? how? in any wayquaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitum to seek, look for, strive for, ask, inquirequalis quale what sort?; of such a kind, such asquam how; how much; thanquam? quam! (indeclinable adverb) how … ? how … !quamquam althoughquando (adv) when?; at any time, ever; since, becausequantus, a, um how large, how great, how muchquare wherefore, why, because of whichquasi as if, as it werequattuor four -que and (enclitic)

M.S. Cummings


queror, queri, questus sum to complain, lamentqui quae quod who, which; what; thatqui? quae? quod? what? which? what kind? : quiddity, quoddityquia (adv) sincequid what? (pronoun)quidam, quaedam, quiddam a certain one, thing; someone, somethingquidem indeednequidem not even quin why not?; but, indeedquinque five : quintupletsQuirites -ium/-um Romansquis, quid (indef.) anyone, anything, someone, somethingquis? quid? who? what?quisquis quodquod/quicquid/quidquid whoever, whatever; everyone whoquo where; at which timequo? (indeclinable adverb) to where?quoad as long as, as far as; quoad hoc (to this extent)quod becausequomodo? how?quondam once, at some time, at one time; sometimesquoniam since, seeing that, becausequoque also, tooquot how many, as many asradius, radii m. ray, rodrapidus -a -um fierce; rushing, swiftrapio, rapere, rapui, raptum to seize, snatch, carry away:tear, pluck; driveratio, rationis, f. reckoning, account, reason, judgment, mannerre- (prefix used with verbs) backrecipio, recipere, recepi, receptum to take back, regain, admit, receiverecito, recitare, recitavi, recitatum to reciterecognosco, -noscere, -novi, -nitum to recognize, recollectrecreo, -are, -avi, -atum to restore, revive; refresh, cheerrecuso, -are, -avi, -atum to refuse: recusereddo -dere -didi -ditum hand over; give back, return, restore; reply, answer

M.S. Cummings


redeo redire, redii go back, come back, returnreduco -ducere -duxi -ductum bring back; recall to mind refero, referre, rettuli, relatum to carry back, bring back; repeat, answer, speak, sayregina, reginae, f. queenregio -onis f direction, area; regionregius -a -um royal, regal, kinglyregnum -i, n. kingdom; royaltyrego, regere, rexi, rectum to rule, guide, direct; guidereicio -icere -ieci -iectum throw, hurl, shove; rejectrelinquo, relinquere, reliqui, relictum to leave behind, leave, abandon, desertreliquus (relicus) -a -um the rest, the remainderremaneo, remanere, remansi, remansum to remain, stayremedium, remedii, n. cure, remedyremissio, remissionis, f. letting go, release; relaxationremitto -mittere -misi -missum send back, drive back, return;.../ push back; loosen, relax, give upremoveo, removere, removi, remotum move back; put away; withdraw; removeRemus -i Romulus’s brotherreperio, reperire, repperi, repertum to find, discover, learn, getrepono -ponere -posui -positum put back, restore; stretch out; lay aside, storerequiesco, requiescere, requievi, requietum to restrequiro, requirere, requisivi, requisitum to seek, ask for, miss, need, requireres publica, rei publicae, f. state, commonwealth, republicres, rei, f. thing, matter, business, affair, incident; state;.../ pl. exploits, worldresisto -sistere -stiti stop, stay still; take a stand, opposerespicio -spicere -spexi -spectum look back, look around for gaze at, think back uponrespondeo, -ndere, -ndi, -nsum to answer, replyrestituo -uere -ui -utum set up,again renew restoreretego, retegere, retexi, retectum to uncover, revealretineo -tinere -tinui -tentum hold back, hold fast; check restrain; retain in mindreverto, revertere, reverti, reversum to turn back: revertreviso revisere look back; revisitrex, regis, m. king

M.S. Cummings


rideo, ridere, risi, risum to laugh, laugh at; smileridiculus, a, um laughable, ridiculousrobur (robor) -oris n oak; hardwood timber, lumber; strength, force (mil.)rogo, rogare, rogavi, rogatum to askRoma Romae, f (Romae: at/in Rome) RomeRomanus Romana, Romanum RomanRomulus -i first king and founder of Romeruina, ruinae f. ruin, destructionrumor, rumoris, m. rumor, gossipruo, ruere, rui, rutus to fall, rush; fall down, tumblerursus / rursum backward, back; on the other hand; again rus, ruris, n. the country, countryside: rustic, ruralrusticor, rusticari, rusticatus sum to live in the countrysacer sacra sacrum holy, sacredsacerdos, sacerdotis, m. priestsacroare -avi -atum consecrate, dedicate, devote; hallow, sanctifysaepe (indeclinable adverb) oftensaevus -a -um savage, fierce, ferocious; terriblesal, salis, m. salt; witsalus, salutis, f. health, safety; greetingsaluto salutare, salutavi, salutatus greetsalveo, salvere to be wellsalvus, a, um safe, soundsanguis -inis, m. blood; race, family; bloodshed, slaughtersanus, a, um sound, healthy, sanesapiens, sapientis wise, judicioussapiens, sapientis, m. wise man, philosophersapientia, sapientiae, f. wisdom, knowledgesapio, sapere, sapui to have good taste; have good sense, be wisesatio, satiare, satiavi, satiatum to satisfy, satesatis enough, sufficientsator, satoris, m. sower, planter; begetter, father; foundersatura, saturae, f. satiresaxum, saxi, n. rock, stone; boulder

M.S. Cummings


scelus, sceleris, n. evil deed, crimescientia, scientiae, f. knowledge: sciencescio, scire, scivi, scitum to knowscopulus -i, m. rock, cliff, crag, ledgescribo scribere, scripsi, scriptus to writescriptor, scriptoris, m. writerse sui pronoun himself, herself, itself, themselvesseco -are -ui -tum cut, reap, carve; operate, dividesecundus, a, um second; favorable; following (wind, etc.)sed butsedeo, sedere, sedi, sessum to sit: hold courtsedes, sedis, f. seat, dwelling-place; foundationsemel once, a single timesemper alwayssenator senatoris, m senatorsenectus, senectutis, f. old agesenex, senis, m. old (man)sensus, sensus, m. sense, feelingsententia, sententiae, f. feeling, thought; opinion; sentencesentio, sentire, sensi, sensum to feel, perceive, thinkseptem sevensequor, sequi, secutus sum to follow, pursue; accompanysereno, serenare, serenavi, serenatum to make clear, brighten; cheer up, soothesermonis, m. speech, conversation; talk, report, rumorserva, servae, f. slave (female)servio, servire, servivi, servitum (+ dat.) to be a slave to, serveservitus, servitutis, f. slavery, servitudeservo, servare, servavi, servatum to preserve, keep, saveservus servi, m slavesese (same as se) himself, herself, itself, themselvesseu / sive whether, or ifsex sixsi (indeclinable conjunction) if, whenSibylla -ae, f. Sibyl, prophetess

M.S. Cummings


sic (indeclinable adverb) thus, in this waySiculus -a -um of Sicily; Siciliansidus, sideris, n. constellation, star; group of stars; the sky; heavensignum, signi, n. sign, signal, seal, indicationsilva silvae, f wood, forestsimilis, simile similar, resembling simul all together,as one; at the same time (as)sine (+ abl.) withoutsinguli -ae -a single separate one at a timesinister, sinistra, sinistrum left, left-hand; wrong, perverse, unfavourablesino sinere sivi/sii situm let, leave; allow, permit; leave alonesinus -i, m. bay; fold; bosomsocius, socii m. associate, companion; friend, allysol, solis, m. sunsolacium, solacii, n. comfort, relief: solacesoleo, solere, solitus sum to be accustomedsollers, sollertis m. skilled, expert; cunningsolumi, n. ground, base, foundationsolus sola, solum alone, lonely, only, single, sole, on one's ownsolvo solvere solui solutum loosen, unbind; separate, disengage; dissolve;.../ melt; open; fulfil, perform; pay, deliver, release; acquitsomnus, somni, m. sleep, dreamsono sonere sonui sonitum resound, make a noise; speak, expresssoror, sororis, f. sistersors sortis, f. fate, lot; prophecy; destiny, fortunespargo, spargere, sparsi, sparsum to scatter, strew, sprinklespecies, speciei f. appearancespecto spectare, spectavi, spectatus look at, watch, seespeculum, speculi, n. mirrorspero, sperare, speravi, speratum to hope for, hope; look for, expect; despairspes -ei f. hope; Hope = (Deity) spiritus, spiritus, m. breath, spirit, soulspolia -orum n. pl. arms stripped from an enemy; bootysponte of one’s own free will, spontaneously (sua sponte)

M.S. Cummings


spumo spumare spumavi spumatum foam, froth; be foamystatim at once, immediatelystatua, statuae f. statuestatuo -uere -ui -utum set down place locate; stand still stella, stellae, f. star, planetsterno sternere stravi stratum spread out; overthrow, level, flattensto stare steti statum stand; be built; linger, remainstrideo stridere stridi make a harsh noise, hiss, creak, whistlestudeo, studere, studui (+ dat.) to direct one's zeal to, be eager for, studystudium, studii, n. eagerness, zeal, pursuitstultus stulta, stultum stupid, foolishStyx, Stygis/Stygos (acc. often Styga) river of the underworldsuavis, suave sweetsub (+ abl.) under, below, beneath; under the power ofsub (+ acc.) to; about; a little before; to a position under;.../ up to; directly aftersubeo -ire -ivi/ii -itum go under, enter; come up, advance; support; followsubito suddenlysublimis, sublime elevated, lofty; heroic, noble; on highsubmitto -ere let grow, permit; hold up hands (in prayer);subrideo, -ridere, -risi, -risum to smile down uponsubsequor -sequi -secutus follow after, follow up on; follow along sui, sibi, se, se -self sum, esse, fui, futurum to besummus summa, summum highest, greatest, loftiest, supreme; top (of)super (+ acc.) above, on, over; beyond; on top of; besidessuper (+ abl.) about; concerning; in addition tosuperbus -a -um proud, arrogant, insolent, overbearing, haughtysuperior, superius higher; the gods abovesupero, superare, superavi, superatum to be above, surpass; overcome, conquersupersum, superesse, superfui to be left over; survivesuperus, a, um above, uppersupplex -icis suppliant, beseeching, entreatingsupra (adv.) above on top; higher; over;.../

M.S. Cummings


(prep + acc.) above on top; highersupremus, a, um highest, upper, lastsurgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectum to get up, arise; stand up; ascendsuscipio, suscipere, suscepi, susceptum to undertake; supportsuspendo, suspendere, suspendi, suspensum to hang up, suspend; interruptsustineo, sustinere, sustinui, sustentum to support; check; put offsuus sua, suum (pronoun) his, her, its, their (own)taberna tabernae, f shop, inntaceo, tacere, tacui, tacitum to be silent, leave unmentionedtalis -e such, of such a kindtam sotamen however, nevertheless, stilltandem at last, finally; pray nowtango, tangere, tetigi, tactum to touchtantum only; so much, so greatlytantus, a, um so large, so great, so much, of such a size tantus .. quantus just as much…astaurus -i, m. bull; bullockte you (pronoun)tectum -i, n. house, dwelling; roof;tego tegere, texi, tectum cover, cover over, hide; shelter; dissemble, keep secrettellus -uris, f. earth, globe, land, groundtelum -i spear, shaft, javelin; weapontemere rashly, blindlytempestas -tatis, f. storm, tempest; disturbance; season, period of.../ time; multitudetemplum templi, n temple, sanctuary, shrinetempto, temptare, temptavi, temptatum to test, try, attempt; urge: tempttempus -oris, n. time; occasion, opportunity; tensetendo tendere tetendi tensum/tentum stretch, extend; present; aim; exert, striveteneo, tenere, tenui, tentum hold, keep, have; occupy; hold back; reachter three timestergum -i, n. back, rear; hide, leatherterra, terrae, f. earth, land; soil

M.S. Cummings


terreo, terrere, terrui, territum to terrify, frightenTeucri -orum Trojansthalamus -i, m. inner room, chamber; marriage bedtimeo timere, timui to fear, be afraidtimor, timoris, m. feartolero, tolerare, toleravi, toleratum to bear, enduretollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatum to raise, lift up; erect, extol, exalt; take.../ away, remove, destroy:torqueo torquere torsi tortum twist, bend, turn; torture, tormenttorus -i m. sofa, couch, bedtot so many, such a number oftotus, a, um whole, entire, alltrado, tradere, tradidi, traditum to give over, surrender; hand down,.../ transmit,teachtraho trahere traxi tractum draw, drag, lead, bringtrans (+ acc.) across, over, beyond, throughtranseo, transire, transii, transitum to go across, cross; pass over, ignoretransitus, transitus, m. passing over, transit, transitiontremo tremere tremui tremitum tremble, shake, quaketres, tria three tristis, triste sad, sorrowful; joyless, grim, severeTroiaae, f. TroyTroianus -a -um TrojanTros (n. pl. Troes, gen. pl. Troum) Trojan (Troas = female Trojan)tu tui you (singular)tum / tunc then, at that time, in those times; furtherturba, turbae, f. mob, crowd, disturbanceturbo turbare turbavi turbatum disturb, make an uproarturpis, turpe ugly, shameful, base, disgracefultutus -a -um safe, securetuus tua, tuum your (singular), yourstyrannus, tyranni, m. tyrantTyrius -a -um Tyrian, of Tyre; Phoenician; Carthaginianubi when, where, where? (conjunction)

M.S. Cummings


ullus -a -um any, any oneultimus, a, um farthest, extremeultra + acc. on the other side, beyondumbra -ae f. shadow, shadeumerus -i, m. shoulder, upper armuna at once, together, at the same timeunda, undae f. wave; water (esp. pl.)unde (adv) from where whence undique (adv) from all sidesunus, a, um one, only, single, aloneurbanus, a, um of the city, urbanurbs, urbis, f. city; the City of Romeurgeo -ere ursi (urgueo) press urge; urge on; press on hard (mil); crowd aroundurna, urnae f. urnusus, usus m. use, advantage, enjoyment, possessionut (uti) (+ subjunctive) that, so that, in order thatut how?; as, whenuter, utra, utrum either, which (of two)uterus -i m. womb; bellyutilis, utile useful, advantageousutor, uti, usus sum (+ abl.) to use; enjoy, experienceuxor uxoris, f. wifevadum -i n. a ford on a river; shallows hoals, the sea seasvale! valete! goodbye, farewell!valeo, valere, valui, valiturum to be strong; have power; be well; say goodbyevalidus, a, um strong, healthyvarius -a -um various, variegated; changing, variable; ficklevastus -a -um unoccupied; vast, immense, hugevatesis, m./f. seer, prophet-ve (enclitic) or, or if you willvehementer violently, loudlyvel or, or indeed; certainly ("vel vel " = "either or")velox -ocis fast speedy quick velum -i n. sail, sailcloth, cloth covering

M.S. Cummings


velut / veluti (adv / conj) just as, even as, like, as if just, as ifvendo vendere, vendidi, venditus to sell; be up for sale, hireablevenia, veniae f. favor, kindnessvenio venire, veni to come, goventus, venti, m. windVenus -eris, f. goddess of Love; Aeneas’s motherverbum, verbi, n. wordvereor, vereri, veritus sum to show reverence for, respectveritas, veritatis, f. truthvero but; in truth, indeed, to be sure, howeverversus, versus, m. verse; poetry (pl.)vertex/vortex -icis, m. whirlpool, vortexverto vertere verti versum turn, direct, change; twist; destroyverusa -um true, real, actual, genuineVesper -ris /-ri, m. the evening starVesta -ae goddess of the hearthvestigium -i, n. step, footprint, track; trace, vestige (esp. common in pl.)vestis -is, f. clothing, attire, garmentsvetus, veteris old, agedvia viae, f. street, road, way, path; method, modevicinus/a, vicini/ae, m./f. neighborvictoria, victoriae, f. victoryvideo videre, vidi, visus to see, observe, understand, perceivevideor, videri, visus sum to be seen, seemvigilia -iae f. being awake, insomnia; a "watch" (mil);.../ vigilance carefulnessvigor, vigoris m. liveliness, vigor, activityvilla villae, f. house, country villavinco vincere, vici, victus to conquer, win, be victoriousvinculum -i, n. chain, rope, fetter; bondvinum vini, n. wineviolo, violare, violavi, violatum to violate, dishonor; outragevir viri, m. man, husbandvirgo -ginis, f. young woman, virgin

M.S. Cummings


virtus, virtutis, f. manliness, courage, excellence, virtue; strengthvis vis (acc. vim) force, violence; vires -ium (pl.): strength, forcesvita vitae, f. lifevitium, vitii, n. fault, crime; vicevito, vitare, vitavi, vitatum to avoid, shunvivo vivere, vixi to live, be alive (vixi often = “I am dead”)vivus, a, um alive, livingvix (adv) hardly, barely, scarcelyvoco vocare, vocavi, vocatus call, name, invite, invokevolo velle wish, want, desirevolo -are -avi -atum flyvolo, velle, volui to wish, want, be willing, willvoluntas -tatis f. will,wish, desire; preferencevoluptas, voluptatis, f. pleasurevolvo volvere volvi volutum turn, roll; ordain, decree; glidevos vestrum you (plural)vox, vocis, f. voice, word; cry, call; sayingvulgus, vulgi, m. the common people, mob, rabblevulnero, vulnerare, vulneravi, vulneratum to wound, harm, distressvulnus, vulneris, n. wound, injuryvultus -us m. face, appearance; expressionZephyrus -i m. west wind

M.S. Cummings


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