Latin AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS

Revolution in haiti

You should remember this from Napoleon…

First Latin American territory to free itself from European rule

Toussaint L’Overture – leader of the revolution

1804 – declared independence

After L’Overture’s death – Haiti crumbled into despotism

The divisions in Spanish colonial society in 1789

Peninsulares; 0.1

Creoles; 22.8

Mulattos; 7.6

Mestizos; 7.3

Native Amer-icans; 55.8

Africans; 6.4Do you remember the Spanish colonial system we talked about when we learned about the Atlantic World???

Latin america sweeps to freedom

Latin America sharply divided into classes based on birth.

Peninsulares and Creoles dominated and controlled wealth and power

Viceroys – colonial officers

Creoles = least oppressed BUT they could not hold high office. Many were educated in Europe THEREFORE they brought back Enlightenment ideas WHICH brought on a revolution in Latin America

How Spain will affect spanish america

The last straw was Napoleon’s invasion of Spain.

When he deposed the Spanish king, the Creoles felt no loyalty to a French king.

Creoles argued the power now shifted to the people.

Even after Napoleon was defeated and the Spanish king was brought back, it was too late…

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According to the social hierarchy, who held the most power in Spanish America?

What factors caused the revolutions in Spanish America? (Give me two!)

Spanish america

Simón Bolivar – wealthy Venezuelan creole

Believes in equality for all

Helped declare independence from Spain

Decisive victory in Colombia

1830 – Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Bolivia, Ecuador win independence

Hidalgo calls for an end to spanish rule

• So far we have seen how creoles led revolutions.

• In Mexico, the Native Americans and mestizos play a role…

• Miguel Hidalgo – priest who calls for Mexico’s independence movement

• Firmly believed in Enlightenment ideas

• His uprising will be defeated in 1811

• Creoles did not support mestizo uprising

Mexico’s independence

• After a liberal group was put in power, the creoles feared a loss of privileges

• Creoles decide to revolt!

• 1821 - Mexico claims independence

• Before the Mexican revolution, Central America had been governed from Mexico After Mexico’s independence several Central American states declared their independence from Spain (and Mexico).

brazil

• Most unique independence movement in Latin America because there was no violent uprisings

• After Napoleon invaded Portugal, the royal family fled to Brazil.

• 1822 – Creoles demand independence from Portugal• Dom Pedro signs a petition officially freeing

Brazil

• Won its independence through a bloodless revolution

Latin america 1800-1830

Latin America, 1800

Latin America, 1830

Effects of latin american revolutions

• Independence brought an increase in poverty

• Disrupted trade

• Devastated cities

• Geography – prevents a united Latin America

• Government • Colonial gov’ts same as home country gov’t

= Latin Americans had no experience w/self gov’t, unfamiliar with democratic principles/practices

Effects of latin american revolutions

Social OrderRigid social/economic/political order

gave too much power to Creoles, not enough to the mestizos

Catholic ChurchStrong influence prevented true

separation of church and state

Economy not diverse – based mainly on mining of gold and silver

Monroe doctrine

• The Monroe Doctrine was issued by President James Monroe (U.S.) in 1823.

• Latin American nations were acknowledged to be independent.

• The United States would regard as a threat to its own peace and safety any attempt by European powers to impose their system on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere.