Latin America

WWI & Its ImpactPopulism, Marxism, and Ideology

Economic ImpactPreviously, economic boom w/ resource specializationImport substitution industrializationLack of capital, low technology, limited internal marketsWar = false economic stimulationPopulation growth

Massive urban migrationAccompanying social problems

Economic ImpactElimination of European sourcesManufacturing spurtBeginning of economic independenceEmergence of US as economic power in Latin America

Political ImpactLand-owning elite opened up to allow middle class in gov’tCritques

Export-import capitalismGrowing industrial & urban gov’t voice

Immigration:UnionizationGrowing nationalismNew ideologies (anarchy on)

Latin American IdeologyGrowth of Socialist & Communist ideologiesEstablish ownRoman Catholic ChurchPopulismCorporatismFascism

Social ReformCame to a fore w/ 1929 world economic crashLand reformPopulism

What’s up in Mexico?Previously, Diaz

False sense of prosperityForeign economic controlHacienda systemRepressed workers

1910-1920 revolutionWorkers united: N=Pancho Villa, S = Zapata

What’s up in Mexico?Revolution

Zapata: “Tierra y Libertad;” peasant-basedUnited & joined by middle classSoldaderasUS intervention1920, end of WW1 & Mex. Rev, Obregon = new pres; consolidated power & strengthen countryNew constitution

What’s up in Mexico? (global context)

Boxer Rebellion1911 Chinese Revolution1905 Russian Revolution1917 Russian Revolution

What was the foreign economic role in these rebellions/revolutions?What was the role of the world banking crisis?What was the role of growing nationalism?

What’s up in Mexico?Nationalism and indigenism (arts & literature)

“indianize” the countryCorridosNew elite attracted to Marxism

Diego Rivera (painter) Jose Clementa Orozco (painter) Frida Kahlo (painter) Mariano Azuela (novelist)

Diego Rivera, The Agitator, 1926, Autonomous University of Chapingo

Diego Rivera, Epic of the Mexican People - Mexico Today and Tomorrow, 1934-35, Palacio Nacional, Mexico City

Diego Rivera, Pan-American Unity, 1940, 2/10 transportable panels

Jose Clemente Orozco, The Trench, 1926, National Preparatory School, Mexico City

Frida Kahlo, Self-Portrait Dedicated to Leon Trotsky (Between the Curtains), 1937

Frida Kahlo, The Two Fridas, 1939

Corridoshttp://www.corridos.org/Default.asp?Language=EConvey themes of social justiceUnify the culture around cultural issues

American response to Mexican nationalism:

Elite attracted to MarxismFear of new government

Nationalism of petroleum led to decline of economic dependence

CubaFormer Spanish sugar colony1868, achieved independence

North Americans flooded in1896, US purchased 87% of Cuban exports

CubaContinuation of racial segregation & discrimination

White supremacy Interracial marriage illegal Created “2 Cubas”

• Spanish cultural ancestor• African cultural ancestor

African-Cubans began to unite around cultural heritage

1890, El Partido Revolucionario Cubano

Cuba1890, El Partido Revolucionario Cubano

Women joined independence movementRebellion widespreadRacial divideUS fear of spread, occupied 1899-1902

Self-governing protectorate Repair destruction & improve infrastructure Absorb Cuba into US economic sphere of influence

CubaRural masses impoverished

Factories & mills run by imported labor

1905, 1st elections, presidents dependent upon the US

“whitening” of CubaWorkers unionizedWidespread critique of US economic involvement

CubaWW1 & Cuba

Sugar boom & bust Labor shortage Brought in other laborers By 1919, ½ of sugar mills under control of US companies (Coca-Cola,

Hershey’s, Hires) 1916, sugar = 4 cents a pound (exporting 3 million tons) May 1920, 22.5 cents a pound December 1920, 3.75 cents a pound Defaulted on bank loans

CubaUniversity students (1/4 = women) entered political arena

1922 began demonstrationsPressed for equal rights, particularly for women

CubaMachado, 1925-1933 (president)

Close links to USNeglected women’s suffrage promise1925, strikes stopped with violence

Communist leader

Continued economic crisis mirrored in political unrest8/12/1933, exiled

CubaRevolution of 1933

Sugar workers joined w/ university students, CommunistFulgencio Batista overthrew gov’t (& others)

Grau InterludeLabor reform:

8 hour day Children from low $$ to university Women’s suffrage Land to peasants

CubaGrau Interlude

Social impact: 7 women congressional representatives 12-week maternity leave Employer provided childcare Illegal to fire women for getting married

Alienated US

Populist Interlude, 1938-1952

CubaPopulist Interlude

Batista ruled through puppet presidents & then himself for 4 years1940 constitution

Protect labor Women equal rights Limited property rights vs.

public property

CubaContinuities:

Economy closely linked to sugar throughoutCycle of corrupt, “good ol’ boy” presidentsIncreasing dissatisfaction

CubaFidel Castro

1953, led rebels against Batista dictatorship“history will absolve me.”Women revolutionaries”Mariana grajales”Fled in 1956

Led guerillas from a distance Batista fled, 1959

Prime minister, 1959, 1st secretary of Communist party1960, purged moderates; established friendly relationships w/ USSR (sugar!)

Further Latin American Case Studies:

PeruTorre, American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (ARPA)Emulate: Mexican Revolution, socialism, nationalism, fascismanti-imperialism, nationalistic, nationalize land & industriesMiddle-class support

POPULISMnationalist, anti-establishment

Further Latin American Case Studies:

BrazilCoffee-export economyCrashed in 1929Vargas

1937, new constitution: Estado Novo• Authoritarian regime• Limiting immigration• Eliminating opposition parties/regimes

Further Latin American Case Studies:

BrazilVargas:

Tried to secure arms & trade agreements State-run economy: corporatist Nationalized petroleum Joined allies in WW2

Further Latin American Case Studies:

Argentina:Dependent on foreign markets & investments1929, economy collapsed, military coup1943, new coup: nationalists

Industrialize & modernize

Peron: Sympathy w/ Axis powers Alliances between workers, industrialists, & military Nationalized RR, telephones, petroleum Radicalized, anti-Catholic church