Latin America: Revolution and Latin America: Revolution and Reaction into the 21st CenturyReaction into the 21st Century

World Civilizations 4World Civilizations 4thth ed. ed. Chapter 33 Chapter 33

1914 to Present

Latin America After World War IILatin America After World War II

End of World War II saw stronger End of World War II saw stronger economieseconomies

Cold War inspires Marxist Cold War inspires Marxist revolutionary agitationrevolutionary agitation

Despite Coup, Peronism remains Despite Coup, Peronism remains popularpopular

Mexico and the PRIMexico and the PRI Stability of PRI undercut by corruption Stability of PRI undercut by corruption

and lack of social improvementand lack of social improvement In 1995, Zapatista guerilla movement In 1995, Zapatista guerilla movement Government negotiates NAFTAGovernment negotiates NAFTA Vicente Fox of the PAN party is Vicente Fox of the PAN party is

elected - promises to end corruption elected - promises to end corruption and improve working conditionsand improve working conditions

Vicente Fox

Zapatistas

Radical Options in the 1950sRadical Options in the 1950s Radical unrest in several smaller Radical unrest in several smaller

countriescountries Mexico - increasingly conservativeMexico - increasingly conservative Venezuela and Costa Rica - reform Venezuela and Costa Rica - reform

minded democrats in open electionsminded democrats in open elections New post World War II revolutionaries New post World War II revolutionaries

look to Marxism as a guidelook to Marxism as a guide Government interest in order, not Government interest in order, not

reformreform

Radical Options in the 1950sRadical Options in the 1950s Cold War ideological battle between Cold War ideological battle between

Soviet Bloc and the West makes Soviet Bloc and the West makes Socialist path dangerous Socialist path dangerous

Failures of political democratization, Failures of political democratization, economic development, and social economic development, and social reform throughout Latin Americareform throughout Latin America

Economy based solely on export Economy based solely on export cropscrops

Guatemala: Reform and United Guatemala: Reform and United States InterventionStates Intervention

Middle-class/labor elected Arevalo Middle-class/labor elected Arevalo starts “spiritual socialism”. Fights starts “spiritual socialism”. Fights foreign interests (UFC)foreign interests (UFC)

United States fears communist United States fears communist takeover, organizes military takeover takeover, organizes military takeover of Guatemalaof Guatemala

U.S.-friendly government reverses U.S.-friendly government reverses changechange

The Cuban Revolution: Socialism in The Cuban Revolution: Socialism in the Caribbeanthe Caribbean

Cuba has large middle class, high Cuba has large middle class, high literacy and health care levelsliteracy and health care levels

Batista’s reforms marred by corruptionBatista’s reforms marred by corruption Castro meets Ernesto “Che” Guevera, Castro meets Ernesto “Che” Guevera,

gathers military forces, gains strengthgathers military forces, gains strength ““26th July Movement” gains support26th July Movement” gains support U.S. hostility, Soviet Union support, U.S. hostility, Soviet Union support,

missile crisis, economic change failsmissile crisis, economic change fails

Fidel Castro

Ernesto “Che” Guevera

The Search for Reform and the The Search for Reform and the Military OptionMilitary Option

Programs based in Catholic, Marxist, Programs based in Catholic, Marxist, and capitalist doctrines seek solutionsand capitalist doctrines seek solutions

Liberation theology combines Catholic Liberation theology combines Catholic theology and socialist principles to theology and socialist principles to seek social justiceseek social justice

Stress social equality as a form of Stress social equality as a form of personal salvationpersonal salvation

Changing stance of church in Latin Changing stance of church in Latin America provokes violenceAmerica provokes violence

Out of the Barracks: Soldiers Take Out of the Barracks: Soldiers Take PowerPower

Success of Cuban Revolution worried Success of Cuban Revolution worried opponents of communist revolutionary opponents of communist revolutionary changechange

Military forces had been involved in Military forces had been involved in politics since caudillos in 19th centurypolitics since caudillos in 19th century

Professionalized military began to see Professionalized military began to see themselves as above selfish interests themselves as above selfish interests of political partiesof political parties

Out of the Barracks: Soldiers Take Out of the Barracks: Soldiers Take PowerPower

Military establishments intervene Military establishments intervene directly in politics, fearing leftist shiftdirectly in politics, fearing leftist shift

1964 - Brazilian military (with U.S. 1964 - Brazilian military (with U.S. support) overthrows elected president support) overthrows elected president who promised sweeping reformswho promised sweeping reforms

1973 - Chilean military overthrows 1973 - Chilean military overthrows Allende’s socialist governmentAllende’s socialist government

Soldiers in power establish economic Soldiers in power establish economic stability; place nationalist interest firststability; place nationalist interest first

Out of the Barracks: Soldiers Take Out of the Barracks: Soldiers Take PowerPower

Policies formulated and applied by Policies formulated and applied by military styled bureaucracymilitary styled bureaucracy

Goal of government was Goal of government was development; burden falls heaviest on development; burden falls heaviest on working classworking class

Industrialization increased, social Industrialization increased, social situations stagnantsituations stagnant

Peruvian reform policies successfulPeruvian reform policies successful

The New Democratic TrendsThe New Democratic Trends

By the mid-1980s, government was By the mid-1980s, government was returning to civilian politiciansreturning to civilian politicians

Reduced threat of Cuban style Reduced threat of Cuban style communismcommunism

End of Cold War ends U.S. support End of Cold War ends U.S. support for repressive anticommunist regimesfor repressive anticommunist regimes

Shining Path, a leftist guerilla Shining Path, a leftist guerilla movement, interrupted Peruvian movement, interrupted Peruvian electionselections

The New Democratic TrendsThe New Democratic Trends A return of electoral democracy A return of electoral democracy

becomes widespread in Latin Americabecomes widespread in Latin America U.S. reaffirms its power in the region U.S. reaffirms its power in the region

with capture of Noriegawith capture of Noriega Large foreign loans for development Large foreign loans for development

created huge debt, which caused created huge debt, which caused inflationinflation

Drug trade creates powerful cartelsDrug trade creates powerful cartels

Manuel Noriega

The United States and Latin The United States and Latin America: Continuing PresenceAmerica: Continuing Presence

After World War I, U.S. was After World War I, U.S. was predominant power in the hemispherepredominant power in the hemisphere

Economies of Latin American Economies of Latin American countries closely tied to the United countries closely tied to the United StatesStates

Banana Republics - friendly Banana Republics - friendly dictatorshipsdictatorships

Foreign interventions lead to growing Foreign interventions lead to growing nationalist reactionsnationalist reactions

The United States and Latin The United States and Latin America: Continuing PresenceAmerica: Continuing Presence

Roosevelt introduces the Good Roosevelt introduces the Good Neighbor policy, promised to deal Neighbor policy, promised to deal fairlyfairly

Cold War leads to changing U.S. Cold War leads to changing U.S. strategy for Latin Americastrategy for Latin America

United States stemmed socialist United States stemmed socialist spread by supporting democratic or spread by supporting democratic or anticommunist governments.anticommunist governments.

The United States and Latin The United States and Latin America: Continuing PresenceAmerica: Continuing Presence

Alliance for Progress aimed to Alliance for Progress aimed to develop regions economicallydevelop regions economically

1970-80’s: pragmatic U.S. policy1970-80’s: pragmatic U.S. policy U.S. agreed to cede the Panama U.S. agreed to cede the Panama

Canal to PanamaCanal to Panama

Societies in Search of ChangeSocieties in Search of Change

Social relations changed slowly, Social relations changed slowly, women granted more rightswomen granted more rights

Politicians and artists tried to identify Politicians and artists tried to identify and confront persistent problemsand confront persistent problems

Social, racial, and gender relations Social, racial, and gender relations changed slowlychanged slowly

Indians still looked down upon, but Indians still looked down upon, but they are a recognized part of the Latin they are a recognized part of the Latin American cultureAmerican culture

Slow Change in Women’s Slow Change in Women’s RolesRoles Most Latin American women gained Most Latin American women gained

suffrage in the 1940’s and 50’ssuffrage in the 1940’s and 50’s Latin American nations also feel the Latin American nations also feel the

pressure of feminist organizations, as pressure of feminist organizations, as well as the international communitywell as the international community

Greater equality for women by 1990s.Greater equality for women by 1990s.

The Movement of PeopleThe Movement of People High fertility and low mortality rates in High fertility and low mortality rates in

the latter half of the century caused a the latter half of the century caused a population boom in Latin America population boom in Latin America

Major trend was immigration to LatinMajor trend was immigration to Latin Urban migration plays a large roleUrban migration plays a large role Huge urban centers in Mexico City, Huge urban centers in Mexico City,

Sao Paulo, and Buenos AiresSao Paulo, and Buenos Aires

The Movement of PeopleThe Movement of People Lack of jobs for the new onslaught of Lack of jobs for the new onslaught of

urbanization, shantytowns for housingurbanization, shantytowns for housing Horrible living conditions in Horrible living conditions in favelasfavelas Percentage of urban population is Percentage of urban population is

greatest of developing countriesgreatest of developing countries

Mexico City

Cultural Reflections of Despair and Cultural Reflections of Despair and HopeHope

Latin America remains amalgamation Latin America remains amalgamation of cultures and peoplesof cultures and peoples

Catholicism is still dominantCatholicism is still dominant Struggle for social justice, economic Struggle for social justice, economic

security, and successful political security, and successful political formulas is an inspiration for artistic formulas is an inspiration for artistic creativitycreativity

Global Connections: Struggling Global Connections: Struggling Toward the Future in a Global Toward the Future in a Global

EconomyEconomy Latin America still searches and Latin America still searches and

struggles for economic growth, social struggles for economic growth, social justice, and political stabilityjustice, and political stability

The world economy has allowed Latin The world economy has allowed Latin America to grow economicallyAmerica to grow economically