Revolt

#8 Latin American Revolutions 1791-1825

Napoleon provides a distraction in Europe

and New World colonies revolt

Revolution in Haiti (1791 - 1804)

Haiti is a French owned sugar colony After the French Revolution the white settlers seek their own independence from France Local slaves have a major population advantage over Creoles and begin a rebellion in 1791 Because Creole’s separated from France - they receive no military support and many are slaughtered

Hispaniola

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Toussaint L’Ouveture

Self-educated former slave and leader for Haitian revolution Used ruthless tactics such as killing whole families including children. By 1800, Toussaint drove out all Creole’s from Hispaniola In 1802, Napoleon sent troops to reclaim Hispaniola and Toussaint was captured.

• Haiti was a valuable colony

Revolution in Haiti (1791 - 1804)

After being captured by the French - L’Ouverture is sent to jail where he dies after a year However - French soldiers in Haiti become sick with Yellow Fever and are forced to leave the island Haiti gains its independence in 1804 when the French decide to abandon the island

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Simón Bolivar: The “Brains”of the Revolution

★Creole leader of the revolutions in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

★Spent time in Europe and the newly-independent United States.

★Given the name “the Liberator”

★Series of military campaigns from 1816-1818 in Venezuela

★August 10, 1820 he led his army in a surprise attack on Bogota and defeated Spanish supporters to unite Venezuela and Colombia together.

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The “Muscle” of the Revolution

Jose de San Martin was from Argentina San Martin helps Argentina gain freedom on July 9th, 1816 Bolivar and Bernard O’Higgins combine forces and surprise the Spanish in Chile and liberate Chile in 1818

Bolivar coming from the North.

José de St. Martín and Bernard O’Higgins cross the Andes

Mountains.

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Gran Colombia 1819-1831

Together Bolivar and San Martin liberate most of South America by 1825 Bolivar hoped to create a strong Latin America by uniting liberated nations into a large country known as Gran Colombia Gran Colombia - 1819 to 1831 united the Northern Part of S. America 114

Bolivar’s Accomplishment

★After uniting Venezuela, Columbia, & Ecuador into Gran Columbia, he left to help free the rest of Latin America.

★He died a year later, with his goal of uniting all of South America unfulfilled

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Brazil Freed from Portugal

• In 1807 the King John VI and the Portuguese royal family escaped Napoleon by fleeing to Brazil.

•His son, Pedro I set up a new, independent kingdom in 1822 when his father returned to Portugal.

•Although Pedro gave most Brazilians basic rights, they did not abolish slavery until the late 1800s

The Mexican War of Independence 1810 - 1821

•Fought by: Mestizos, Mulattos and Native Indians vs. Peninsulares, Creoles and Spain

•Miguel Hidalgo - priest in New Spain. studied Enlightenment theory which caused him to become politically active against the Spanish colonial government.

•Declares war against Spain Sept. 15 1810 –Grito de Dolores (cry for independence)

•September 16, 1810 - revolutionary army attacks the city of Guanajuato

Stage #1

The Mexican War of Independence 1810 - 1821

•October of 1810 - Hidalgo’s army is defeated at Mexico City and the survivors are forced to scatter into hiding

•January 17, 1811 Battle of Calderon - Hidalgo regroups his army and attacks the Spanish. Hidalgo has over 75,000 troops/ the Spanish have 6,000.

•Spanish General Felix Calleja uses artillery to break up Hidalgo’s army and the more disciplined Spanish soldiers are strong enough to disperse the remaining soldiers.

•After defeat - Hidalgo is forced to flee north towards the Mexico/US border where he is captured by the Spanish

The Mexican War of Independence 1810 - 1821

Jose Morelos took over the rebellion and created a well-trained military by 1815 He was captured though and executed later in the year leading to a leaderless army of Mestizos From 1815-1821 the war turned into a guerilla war for independence.

Stage #2

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The Mexican Independence 1821

In 1820 the Spanish Civil War started in Europe and the Creole leaders felt this was an ideal time Agustin de Iturbide in 1821 joined forces with Vincente Guerrero and developed the Plan of Iguala. As Iturbide and Guerrero continued towards Mexico City, they took territory from the Creoles causing a split in their support.

Stage #3

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Treaty of Cordoba - August 24, 1821 - Spain agreed to the Iguala Plan which allowed for an independent constitutional monarchy to be established in Mexico.

• Vicente Guerrero becomes monarch

• Spain attempts to reacquire Mexico up until 1830 when they officially recognize Mexico’s independence

The Mexican Independence 1821

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