latin america in the 21 st century
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Latin America in the 21 st Century. Chapter 32 . Latin America - Timeline. First World : the United States and its allies. Second World: the Soviet Union and its allies. Third World: Non-aligned and neutral countries. Latin America – Big Picture. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
LATIN AMERICA IN THE 21ST
CENTURYChapter 32
LATIN AMERICA - TIMELINE
First World: the United States and its allies. Second World: the Soviet Union and its allies. Third World: Non-aligned and neutral countries
LATIN AMERICA – BIG PICTURE Latin America – a third world continent
Idea of the 1st, 2nd, & 3rd originated during the Cold War… 1st: Advanced economies & high development 2nd: Industrialized communist nation 3rd: Lack of industrialization/underdeveloped
Shared traits of Africa/Asia, but… Western social/political structures
Economic links to US and Europe Again focused on exports – vulnerable to world demand
Political, cultural, economic dependency cycle continued Decolonization = economic freedom + cultural/political that matches
Becomes more industrial – leads to labor movement Growing urban middle class begins to play a role
Latin American patterns Economic expansion – conservative reaction to maintain political power Economic crisis – chance to break patterns/expand social justice
More continuities than changes Can’t replace old system w/ agreed upon new system
Better education, social services, treatment of women, industry
LATIN AMERICA AFTER WORLD WAR IIBrazil and Argentina ruled by reformers w/ populist agenda
Even when Peron – Argentina –was expelled power of movement still evident Military forced to repress to maintain control Military tried to gain prestige/nationalism in war for Falkland Islands
Mexico and the PRI Party of the Institutionalized Republic
economic growth paramount Stability provided – controls politics – one-party system, but… Political corruption and failure to improve social Whatever happened to revolutionary ideals?
Zapatistas Chiapas1994 Zapatistas revolt in Chiapas – frustrated
Problem solved through repression/negotiation NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)
Trade pact signed in 1992 that gradually eliminates most tariffs and other trade barriers on products and services passing between the United States, Canada, and Mexico NAFTA
Attempt to improve political situation Trade increases, but… Middle class gets rich and large income gap between middle class and poor
2000 PRI finally defeated national election by Vicente Fox – PAN party Platform – end corruption, improve life for Mexican workers in US PRI out
RADICAL OPTIONS IN THE 1950SWhat are possible solutions to improve economic and
social conditions? Mexico – one-party conservative rule Venezuela/Costa Rica – reform minded democracies Or…there’s always the Marxist option
Radical solutions as possibility Continued problems that never improve Revolutions go too far left, bring back military into control
Bolivia – link of miners, labor, peasants reforms open elections Marxist options Bolivia mix of radicalism and reaction
RADICAL OPTIONS IN THE 1950SGuatemala: Reform and U.S. Intervention
Economic disparities– illiterate, poor health Land distributed unequally – surprise, surprise High mortality rate Coffee, banana export Labor coalition
Juan José Arevalo elected, 1944 tries reforms Income tax Land reform Intense nationalism A lot of reforms, but did not drive out the Catholic
church.1951 Colonel Jacobo Arbenz elected tries to go even
further Tries to nationalize transportation, hydroelectric system Tries to appropriate unused land
Problem – policies conflict with desires of United Fruit Company Foreign owned company that has a lot to lose
GUATEMALA: REFORM AND U.S. INTERVENTIONOligarchy and United Fruit Company threatened
Now Del Monte Corporation US/CIA sponsored military force takes
over Help based on acceptance of Eastern
European weapons Violence and instability Guerilla movement starts
More radical land reformReform ends***Key theme – Latin American won’t be
allowed to changed w/out foreigners
THE CUBAN REVOLUTION: SOCIALISM IN THE CARIBBEAN
Cuba differs from Guatemala American influence following Spanish rule Large Spanish and African slave descendant population Large middle class Relatively high literacy/health care Huge disparity between urban and rural Cuban policies strongly linked to US interests
¾ imports from US Economy fluctuates based on global demand for sugar –Major exportFulgencio Batista, 1934-1944 military reformer, 1940, new constitution, 1952 on becomes dictator
Promises major changes – nationalization of natural resources Marred by corruption
Fidel Castro1953, Lawyer who launches revolution but is arrested attempted revolution Exiled to Mexico – taught guerilla tactics by Ernesto “El Che ” Guevara
student, labor support, Both return to Cuba, gain support, take over isolated leader
1958, Batista out Turns Marxist-Leninist/Gains Soviet aid & protector
1961, U.S. breaks relations with Cuba, “Bay of Pigs” 1962, threat of nuclear war, attempted assassinations Cuban Missile Crisis October 1963
THE SEARCH FOR REFORM AND THE MILITARY OPTIONUnder Castro:
Foreign properties confiscated Lands collectivized Centralized socialist economy Survived the 6os with USSR, or would have failed
Sugar prices fluctuate, can’t afford oil El Che assassinated in Bolivia 1967
Continuity Mexico, one-party system Venezuela, Chile
Christian Democratic Liberation Theology
So…how do you reverse inequality and foreign domination? Mexico’s one party system – PRI
But…poor planning, corruption, foreign debt crippled efforts Chile/Venezuela – church/clergy take position for human rights
Liberation theology – social equality = personal salvation Leads to attacks against clergy/nuns who want social change
OUT OF THE BARRACKS: SOLDIERS TAKE POWER
Military intervenes in politics, 1960s often U.S.-backed
Caudillo tradition, but… Now military thinks they’re above politicians Sacrifice democratic process for martial law Fear of Cuban success spreading
Brazil 1964 - Brazilian military + middle class take over elected
government With help from US Fear that they would actually implement social reforms
Argentina military coup, 1966 – Argentina - Military intervenes over Peron Chile - General Augusto Pinochet
Former commander of Chilean army brought up on crimes against humanity Seized power from leftist Salvador Allende in 1973 Brutal repression – thousands killed/tortured
Uruguay, 1973 Peru, 1968
THE NEW DEMOCRATIC TRENDS Unique variations
Argentina - land reform and pushed nationalism to take Falkland Islands
In Argentina, violent opposition to military rule led to a counteroffensive known as ʺthe dirty warʺ
Chile/Uruguay – intensely anti-communistic Venezuela, Costa Rica The New Democratic Trends
1980s military gradually turns power back to civilians Fear of Cuba communism goes away Populist parties not so scary End of cold war – US hesitant to sponsor dictators
THE NEW DEMOCRATIC TRENDS But still huge problems for governments
Large foreign loans – some infrastructure, some stupid = huge debt
International commerce in drugs High rates of inflation
Cold war pressures eased in mid-80s Argentina elections, 1983 Brazil presidential elections, 1989 Peru Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path), 1990s leftist guerillas El Salvador, Nicaragua, Guatemala truces between governments, rebels
RESULTS… Conditions workers hard-hit continuing structural problems repression, torture
Pattern of rule Dictatorship Political repression/torture to dissidents Laws limited political freedom Economic changes
Income gap actually got worse Property issues don’t change Gains in literacy and health Industrialization possible
U.S. MILITARY INTERVENTIONS, 1898-2000
UNITED STATES AND LATIN AMERICA: CONTINUING PRESENCEAmerican investors Intervention pre-1933, 30 times Good Neighbor Policy, 1933 Franklin D. Rooseveltʺ that promised to deal more
fairly with Latin American countries and to halt direct military intervention?
Cold War new involvement more indirect involvement Alliance for Progress, 1961 Jimmy Carter civil liberties
Ronald Reagan, George Bush more direct intervention
The United States and Latin America: Continuing Presence
By end of WWI, US unquestioned leader in L. America Leading investors – 1/3 of all US foreign investments
Military intervention to protect US owned properties/investments 30 military interventions before 1930 United Fruit, other companies in Central America need protection
Sometimes US contributed to assassination of leaders Banana republics – puppet gov’ts controlled by US
Conservative governments and dictatorships established in the aftermath of U.S. military intervention
Brief change in 1930s w/ Good Neighbor Policy – Roosevelt But…communism/Cold War make it important again
Support gov’ts that express anti-communistic dogma Belief that investment/economic improvement will prevent extremes
Alliance for Progress – up to $10 billion for helping economics Increasing violence in 1980s, US supported conservative gov’ts
1989-1990 – invaded Panama, installed cooperative regime The arrest of its leader, Manuel Noriega
SOCIETIES IN SEARCH OF CHANGESlow Change in Women's Roles
Voting rights not expanded until 1940s Always concern they would lean too far conservative Religion influenced conservatism Women’s place in the home Change brought about through feminist organizations,
foreign pressure Sometimes vote secured just to benefit party in power
However, right to vote doesn’t mean high political participation
Women did show some impact with labor unions Also important w/ small scale commerce
1990s…female participation closer to West than rest of the world
Intermediate position between industrialized and rest Health, education, place in the workforce
THE MOVEMENT OF PEOPLEMortality down, fertility up The Movement of People
Population has swelled due to high fertility, declining mortality
Pre-1900, migration was to L. America 20th century migration goes away from L. America
Job opportunities – demand for unskilled labor US/Mexico set up formalized labor trade in WWII
Political freedom Willing to risk death in boats to immigrate
Some migration legal, some illegal Migration also between nations
Haiti > Dominican Republic Colombians > Venezuela
Massive Urbanization Most urbanized area of developing world
Mexico City, Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires all 13 million + Rate too fast
Jobs can’t keep up with pace Creation of shantytowns – favelas
Workers unable to unite Rural laborers not brought into factory jobs Labor organizations linked to gov’t
POPULATION OF CAPITAL CITIES
CULTURAL REFLECTIONS OF DESPAIR AND HOPEPopular culture strong blend Jorge Luis Borges
Gabriel García Marquez Cultural Reflections of Despair and Hope
Catholicism determines family, gender relations, business, social interaction
Popular culture combination of African and Indian traditions Sama, Salsa, Tango – L. American contributions
Literary/artistic themes revealed conditions of the poor – social criticism
Some authors resorted to “magical realism” – fantastic stories