laterolog
TRANSCRIPT
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RESISTIVIDADLATEROLOG E INDUCTIVOSIng. Geofisico Zenteno Jimenez Jose Roberto
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LAS HERRAMIENTAS EN ACCION
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LATEROLOG CURVE NAMES
Laterolog / Guard Log (LL7, LL3)
Curves Units Abbreviationsdeep laterolog
resistivityohm-m RLL or RESD
gamma ray API GRspontaneous
potentialmv SP
Dual Laterolog Simultaneous Type (DLL)
Curves Units Abbreviationsdeep laterolog
resistivityohm-m LLD or RESD
shallow laterolog resistivity
ohm-m LLS or RESM
spontaneous potential
mv SP
gamma ray api GR
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Azimuthal Resistivity Log (ARI)
Curves Units Abbreviationsdeep laterolog
resistivityohm-m RLLD or RESD
shallow laterolog resistivity
ohm-m RLLS or RESM
high resolution laterolog resistivity
ohm-m LLHR or RESD
* resistivity image, colour
* 12 individual azimuthal resistivity
curves
* directional survey data
* spontaneous potential
mv SP
* gamma ray API GR
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High Resolution Array Laterolog (HRL)
Curves Units Abbreviationstwo foot resistivity 10
inch depthohm-m HRLA1 (RESS)
two foot resistivity 20 inch depth
ohm-m HRLA2
two foot resistivity 30 inch depth
ohm-m HRLA3 (RESM)
two foot resistivity 60 inch depth
ohm-m HRLA4
two foot resistivity 90 inch depth
ohm-m HRLA5 (RESD)
* resistivity image, colour
* spontaneous potential
mv SP
* gamma ray API GR
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Arreglo de Resist. - HRLA
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Determinación de la Rt
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Efectos del tamaño del agujero del pozo y espesor adyacente
• Cuando el lodo es significativamente mas salino• El tamaño del agujero es mas grande u oval• La formación es muy resistiva
• Corrección necesaria por espesor;• Rt/Rs >> 1• Para espesores pequeños con un valor
representativo de Rt/Rs
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REGISTROS ELECTRICOS • SN-LN (Viejos pero es el principio básico)• LATEROLOGS (Viejos)• DLL• SFL• ML• MLL• PL• MSFL• MCFL• HRLA Rt• HASL Rt
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Laterolog
• Principios generales.
• Evolución de las herramientas.
• Profundidad de investigación y medidas de
resistividad.
• Clases de Herramientas.
• Limitaciones y correcciones.
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• Para describir completamente el ambiente del pozo y estimar la resistividad, esta debe medirse a diferentes profundidades de investigación:– Zona Invadida – Somera– Profunda – Arreglo de Resistividades
Laterolog – Profundidad de Investigación
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Laterolog
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• Lodo no conductivo• Combinabilidad limitada• Efectos del electrodo de referencia
– Efecto Groningen
• Efecto de capas delgadas e invadidas• Efecto de capas adyacentes• Necesidad de medir Rxo
Limitaciones - Laterolog
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Laterolog
• Combinabilidad limitada
Las herramientas de resistividad profunda
(LLD o equivalentes), solo pueden combinarse
con herramientas que no requieran sondas de
potencia auxiliar, debido a que la corriente de
35 Hz, para el modo profundo, usa las líneas
de potencia auxiliar.
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• Lodo no conductivo √• Combinabilidad limitada √• Efectos del electrodo de referencia
– Efecto Groningen
• Efecto de capas delgadas e invadidas• Efecto de capas adyacentes• Necesidad de medir Rxo
Limitaciones - Laterolog
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Limitaciones - Laterolog
• Efectos del electrodo de referencia:
La medición en laterolog requiere que el
voltaje del electrodo monitor se mida contra el
voltaje de un electrodo de referencia ubicado
lejos de la herramienta. Si este falla, entonces
la medida de resistividad es incorrecta.
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Laterolog
• Efecto Groningen
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Laterolog
• Efecto de capas delgadas e invadidas
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• Lodo no conductivo √• Combinabilidad limitada √• Efectos del electrodo de referencia √
– Efecto Groningen √• Efecto de capas delgadas e invadidas √• Efecto de capas adyacentes• Necesidad de medir Rxo
Limitaciones - Laterolog
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Laterolog
• Efecto de capas adyacentes
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• Lodo no conductivo √• Combinabilidad limitada √• Efectos del electrodo de referencia √
– Efecto Groningen √• Efecto de capas delgadas e invadidas √• Efecto de capas adyacentes √• Necesidad de medir Rxo
Limitaciones - Laterolog
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Laterolog
• Necesidad de medir Rxo
Las dos medidas de resistividad del laterolog
tradicional, no son suficientes para describir el
perfil de invasión. Por esta razón se requiere
medir la resistividad de la zona invadida (Rxo)
para estimar Rt.
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Induccion Tool¿Cuando necesito herramientas de
Inducción?• Lodos no conductivos:
– base aceite, – aireados, – muy dulces
• También se pueden utilizar en lodos conductivos base agua.(raro)
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Herramientas doble inducción• Se introdujeron en 1962, y no cambiaron mucho
hasta 1985.
• A mediados de los 80’s se introduce el Phasor Induction (PI).
• Se mejora el efecto de capas adyacentes (con contrastes moderados)
• Mejora también la resolución vertical (de 6 a 4 o 3 pies en agujeros no muy rugosos)
• El PI sigue teniendo las mismas limitaciones que el DIT para perfiles complejos de invasión y cuando Rxo < Rt.
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INDUCTION LOG CURVE NAMES
Induction-Electrical Survey (IES)
Curves Units Abbreviations16" normal ohm-m R16 or RESSinduction
conductivitymS/m COND
induction resistivity
ohm-m RIL or RESD
spontaneous potential
mv SP
* gamma ray API GR
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Dual Induction - LL8 or SFL (DIL or ISF)
Curves Units Abbreviationsdeep induction
resistivityohm-m ILD or RESD
medium induction resistivity
ohm-m ILM or RESM
shallow resistivity ohm-m RLL8 or RSFL or RESSspontaneous
potentialmv SP
* gamma ray API GR* quick look ratio frac Rxo/Rt* apparent water
resistivityohm-m Rwa
* formation factor ratio
frac Fr/Fs
* sonic travel time usec/ft DELT or DTC* sensity gm/cc RHOB or DENS
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Phasor Induction Log (DIT-E)
Curves Units Abbreviations
* deep induction resistivity ohm-m ILD or RESD
* medium induction restivity
ohm-m ILM or RESM
deep phasor resistivity ohm-m IDPH or RESD
medium phasor restivity ohm-m IMPH or RESM
* deep enhanced phasor resistivity
ohm-m IDER or RESD
* medium enhanced phasor restivity
ohm-m IMER or RESM
* deep very enhanced phasor
ohm-m IDER or RESD
* medium very enhanced phasor
ohm-m IMER or RESM
shallow resistivity ohm-m RSFL or RESSspontaneous potential mv SP
* gamma ray API GR* quick look ratio frac Rxo/Rt
* apparent water resistivity
ohm-m Rwa
* formation factor ratio frac Fr/Fs
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Array Induction Log (AIT)
Curves Units Abbreviationsfour foot resistivity 10
inch depthohm-m
AF10, AHF10, ASF10 (RESS)
four foot resistivity 20 inch depth
ohm-m AF20, AHF20, ASF20
four foot resistivity 30 inch depth
ohm-mAF30, AHF30, ASF30
(RESM)four foot resistivity 60
inch depthohm-m AF60, AHF60, ASF60
four foot resistivity 90 inch depth
(see Special Features listed below)
ohm-mAF90, AHF90, ASF90
(RESD)
* resistivityRwa, or
Swimage, colour
* spontaneous potential
mv SP
* mud resistivity ohm-m AHMF* gamma ray API GR
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PRINCIPALES HERRAMIENTAS
• There are different types of induction log techniques available. Some of the common ones are:
· Rt Scanner Triaxial Induction Service: This calculates the vertical and horizontal resistivity from direct Rt Scanner triaxial induction measurements while solving for formation dip.
· Array Induction Imager Tool: This measures openhole formation conductivity accurately by using a series of depths of investigation.
· Azimuthal Resistivity Imager: This makes directional deep measurements around the borehole with high vertical resolutions.
· High-Resolution Laterolog Array: This technique accurately identifies the invasion profile with optimized array spacing to estimate reserves using true formation resistivity.
· Phasor-Induction SFL: This is a conventional dual induction-SFL array for recording resistivity data at three depths of investigation. It’s especially useful for measuring thin-bed resistivity values.
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PRINCIPIOS FISICOS DE LA HERRAMIENTA DE INDUCCION
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La ley de Biot - Savart puede escribirse en forma vectorial y diferencial, a conductores de cualquier forma y longitud ; suponemos para ello que el campo magnético total B es
debido a la contribución de elementos de conductor dl considerados como un vector
en la dirección y sentido de la corriente.
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3
0
4 r
rldIB
Esta expresión podemos aplicarla ahora al caso de un conductor recto y largo (longitud
tomada como infinita):
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A veces el cálculo del campo magnético B a través de la Ley de Biot-Savart
puede ser muy complicado. La ley de Ampère nos permite obtener dicho campo de una forma más simple
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La ley de Ampère"La circulación de un campo magnético a "La circulación de un campo magnético a lo largo de una línea cerrada es igual al lo largo de una línea cerrada es igual al
producto de µproducto de µ00 por la intensidad neta que por la intensidad neta que
atraviesa el área limitada por la atraviesa el área limitada por la trayectoria".trayectoria".
IldBc
0
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Luego, un ejemplo ilustrativo de la Ley de Ampére seria el del un hilo infinito
por el que circula una corriente I
Donde: sdjI
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Ley de Faraday-Henry
• A principios de la década de 1830, Faraday en Inglaterra y J. Henry en U.S.A., descubrieron de forma independiente, que un campo magnético induce una corriente en un conductor, siempre que el campo magnético sea variable. Las fuerzas electromotrices y las corrientes causadas por los campos magnéticos, se llaman fem inducidas y corrientes inducidas. Al proceso se le denomina inducción magnética.
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Así las dos Ecuaciones Principales son:
C
B Sd·Bdt
d
dt
dld·E
(3)
C S
ooo Sd·Edt
dIld·B
(4)
so
intqSd·E
(1)
s
Sd·B 0
(2)
ECUACIONES DE ECUACIONES DE MAXWELLMAXWELL
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Cuando usamos Inductivos
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REGISTROS INDUCTIVOS
• 6FF40 IES 40in
• 6FF28 IES 28 in
• DIL (Ild-Ils)
• PDIL (Fasor)
• ISFL
• AIT
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EN RESUMEN
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