Late Medieval EuropeLate Medieval Europe(ca. 1300-1500)(ca. 1300-1500)

The ChurchThe Church

Pope Boniface VIII

Limits of Papal PowerLimits of Papal Power– King Philip of France needed King Philip of France needed

money money taxed French taxed French clergyclergy

Boniface VIII (r. 1294-1303) Boniface VIII (r. 1294-1303) protestedprotested

King’s response: economic King’s response: economic pressure pressure Boniface backed Boniface backed downdown

– Philip arrested bishop for Philip arrested bishop for treasontreason

Boniface outraged!Boniface outraged! King’s agents invaded papal King’s agents invaded papal

palacepalace Boniface died soon after, Boniface died soon after,

humiliated humiliated – Papacy now weaker than Papacy now weaker than

monarchsmonarchs

The ChurchThe Church

Tomb of Pope Gregory XI,Church of S. Francesca Romana, Rome

The “Babylonian Captivity” The “Babylonian Captivity”

(1309-1377)(1309-1377)– French pope elected to French pope elected to

papacypapacy– Moved to Avignon (1309)Moved to Avignon (1309)

Near to, influenced by, Near to, influenced by, FranceFrance

French popesFrench popes Reports of corruptionReports of corruption Almost 70 years!Almost 70 years!

– Many were unhappyMany were unhappy Avignon a “Babylon”!Avignon a “Babylon”! VisionariesVisionaries

– Papacy returned to Rome Papacy returned to Rome (1377)(1377)

The ChurchThe Church The Great Western Schism (1378-1417)The Great Western Schism (1378-1417)

– Returning pope died (1378)Returning pope died (1378)– Turbulent election Turbulent election new, Italian pope new, Italian pope

Became zealous reformerBecame zealous reformer French cardinals unhappy French cardinals unhappy elected another elected another

pope!pope!– SchismSchism

Two popes! Then three popes!Two popes! Then three popes! Europe divided Europe divided spiritual and political crisis! spiritual and political crisis!

– Resolution: Council of Constance (1414-17)Resolution: Council of Constance (1414-17) Three rival popes deposed Three rival popes deposed Martin V elected Martin V elected

The ChurchThe Church Questions?Questions?

SocietySociety The Socioeconomic SituationThe Socioeconomic Situation

– Population growth Population growth overpopulation overpopulation (14(14thth cent.) cent.) Less land to cultivateLess land to cultivate Wages decreasedWages decreased FaminesFamines

SocietySociety The Black Death The Black Death

(1347-1350)(1347-1350)– Deadliest disaster Deadliest disaster

of Late Middle Agesof Late Middle Ages– Traits of the PlagueTraits of the Plague

Epidemic Epidemic Spread rapidly, Spread rapidly,

contagiouscontagious Noticeable, painful Noticeable, painful

symptomssymptoms Very quick deathVery quick death

SocietySociety

The Black DeathThe Black Death– OriginsOrigins

In China In China traveled westward along trade routes traveled westward along trade routes Carried by fleas on infected rats Carried by fleas on infected rats

– Arrival in EuropeArrival in Europe Spread from Mediterranean ports to rest of EuropeSpread from Mediterranean ports to rest of Europe

SocietySociety The Black DeathThe Black Death

– Cause?Cause?– Why???Why???– AftermathAftermath

Death of approx. 1/3 Death of approx. 1/3 to 1/2 of Europe’s to 1/2 of Europe’s populationpopulation

Obsession with deathObsession with death– ““Dance of death”Dance of death”

Recurred until 18Recurred until 18thth cent.cent.

SocietySociety Questions?Questions?

Politics and WarPolitics and War The Hundred Years War (1337-1453): The Hundred Years War (1337-1453):

CausesCauses– Last Capetian monarch died (1328) – Last Capetian monarch died (1328) –

who succeeds?who succeeds? English king was a relationEnglish king was a relation Philip VI elected by French nobilityPhilip VI elected by French nobility Neither candidate conceded claims Neither candidate conceded claims war! war!

– English claims to French landsEnglish claims to French lands

Politics and WarPolitics and War The War: Initial The War: Initial

English SuccessEnglish Success– Strategy of raidsStrategy of raids– Employed new Employed new

technologytechnology LongbowsLongbows CannonsCannons

– Made territorial Made territorial gainsgains

– English king gained English king gained place as heir to place as heir to throne (1420)throne (1420)

Battle of Créçy (1346)

Politics and WarPolitics and War

Politics and WarPolitics and War

Siege of OrléansSiege of Orléans

France Strikes BackFrance Strikes Back– JOAN OF ARC (1412-1431)JOAN OF ARC (1412-1431)

Teenage peasant, mysticTeenage peasant, mystic Claimed mission from Claimed mission from

God (1428)God (1428)– Had to join French armyHad to join French army– Would lift siege at Would lift siege at

OrléansOrléans– Would see French heir Would see French heir

crownedcrowned– France reboundedFrance rebounded– Joan captured, sold to Joan captured, sold to

English English burned at burned at stake (May 1431)stake (May 1431)

Politics and WarPolitics and War Ultimate Ultimate

French French VictoryVictory– Northern Northern

France France reconqueredreconquered

– English English driven out by driven out by 14531453

Politics and War Politics and War Developments in Developments in

High medieval SpainHigh medieval Spain– Muslim power weakened Muslim power weakened – Christian princes seized Christian princes seized

opportunityopportunity– RECONQUISTARECONQUISTA

Christian reconquest of Christian reconquest of Islamic SpainIslamic Spain

– Launched during 11Launched during 11thth centurycentury

– Intermittent Intermittent – Successful!Successful!

Result: Christian Iberian Result: Christian Iberian states emergingstates emerging

Politics and WarPolitics and War

Ferdinand and Isabella

Spain under Spain under Ferdinand & IsabellaFerdinand & Isabella– Unified Spanish Unified Spanish

crowncrown Ferdinand: heir of Ferdinand: heir of

Aragon, CataloniaAragon, Catalonia Isabella: heir of Isabella: heir of

CastileCastile– Married (1469)Married (1469)

– Completed Completed ReconquistaReconquista (1492)(1492)

Politics and WarPolitics and War

Politics and WarPolitics and War

Ferdinand and Isabella

Religion under Religion under Ferdinand and IsabellaFerdinand and Isabella– Fervent CatholicismFervent Catholicism– ExpulsionsExpulsions

Muslims (1504)Muslims (1504) Jews (1492) Jews (1492)

– Must convert or Must convert or leave! leave!

– Jewish converts Jewish converts ((conversosconversos)) treated treated suspiciously, resentedsuspiciously, resented

– SPANISH INQUISITION SPANISH INQUISITION (1478)(1478) Tool of StateTool of State Principal goal: attack Principal goal: attack

“judaizing” traditions “judaizing” traditions among among conversosconversos

Politics and WarPolitics and War Questions?Questions?