Late Medieval Context and the Lutheran Reformation

1500-1521

Two Pillars of the Late Medieval Church

Papal Primacy– Gregory VIII (1073-1085) is the beginning of Papal

Revolution.– Innocent III and Boniface VIII represent the height of

Papal power.– Pope Pius II’s bull against Councils in 1460 is the

pinnacle of that power. Mass, Puragtory and Penance

– The Mass is necessary for the forgiveness of sins and penance necessary before Mass.

– Church buildings were adapted for a large number of altars (“chantry” from “cantaria”).

– Belief in purgatory produced an industry of indulgences, masses, and prayers for the dead.

Sancto Spirito in Florence, Sancto Spirito in Florence, ItalyItaly

Late Medieval Theology

The Sacramental System Grace, Merit and Works

– Via Antiqua (Thomas Aquinas)– Via Moderna (William Occam)– Augustinian (Gregory d’Rimini)

Practical Consequences:– Dependence on the institutional church– Anxiety and uncertainty

Negligence Or, zealous activity

The Penitential Cycle in Late Medieval Catholicsim

God (ordains/presides)

Birth (orig. sin)

Baptism (removes orig. sin)

Sin

Sacramental Confession

Priestly Absolution

PenanceGrace

Death (incomplete

penance)

Purgatory (completed penance)

Heaven

The Way of the Pilgrim

Predestination (God's Design)

Point A

Point B (Sacramental Grace)

Point C (Salvation)

"contracted merits"

de conguo

Vocation

external: sermon, law...

internal: healed will

Baptism

Penance

"actual merits" de condigno

Late Medieval Piety “The Devotio Moderna”

– Geerte Groote (1340-84), educated at Paris, entered monastery in 1374 but leaves in 1380 disillusioned. Stresses the imitation of Christ, faith and morality. Translated Scriptures.

“The Brethren of the Common Life”– Began as 12 disciples of Groote– Established various “houses” of influence (primarily in

Netherlands and Germany).– Purity of life, study of Scripture, spiritual disciplines,

shared resources, care for the poor, education for youth– Thomas a Kempis, The Imitation of Christ– Many Reformers were educated at Brethren schools:

Erasmus, Bucer, and Calvin.

The Late Medieval ChurchThe Late Medieval Church Institutional AbusesInstitutional Abuses

– Episcopal (Bishop) abusesEpiscopal (Bishop) abuses AbsenteeismAbsenteeism SimonySimony PluralismPluralism

– Priestly abusesPriestly abuses GreedGreed ImmoralityImmorality IgnoranceIgnorance

Papal Realities:Papal Realities:– Claims vs. the Counciliar MovementClaims vs. the Counciliar Movement– Political InterestsPolitical Interests– Rebuilding Rome’s GloryRebuilding Rome’s Glory

Three Renaissance Popes Sixtus IV (1471-84) –

scholar, former head of the Franciscan order, he raised funds through heavy taxation and simony to finance the building of the Sistine Chapel.

The Sistine Chapel takes its name from Sixtus IV.

Three Renaissance Popes

Julius II (1503-1513) – also known as the “Warrior Pope,” was the patron of Michelangelo and financed the rebuilding of St. Peter’s Basilica.

Nephew of Sixtus IV

Three “Renaissance” PopesThree “Renaissance” Popes

Leo X (1513-1521) – Leo X (1513-1521) – son of the banker son of the banker Lorenzo de Medici Lorenzo de Medici of Florence, he had of Florence, he had little interest in little interest in papal papal responsibilities and responsibilities and indulged his artistic indulged his artistic loves as he invited loves as he invited Italy’s greatest Italy’s greatest artists to Rome.artists to Rome.

St. Peter’s BasilicaSt. Peter’s Basilica

Sistine ChapelSistine Chapel

Built between 1475-1483 by Sixtus IV, Built between 1475-1483 by Sixtus IV, it was used as the Papal chapel and the it was used as the Papal chapel and the place for the election of new Popes.place for the election of new Popes.

Some of the wall paintings were done Some of the wall paintings were done by Botticelli.by Botticelli.

The ceiling was originally a star-The ceiling was originally a star-studded sky.studded sky.

Sistine Chapel CeilingSistine Chapel Ceiling

Pope Julius II asked for a few vines on a blue Pope Julius II asked for a few vines on a blue background on the 10,000 square feet.background on the 10,000 square feet.

Over 340 human figures represented the Over 340 human figures represented the origin and fall of humanity in origin and fall of humanity in Michaelangelo’s painting.Michaelangelo’s painting.

It took a little less than four years (1508-It took a little less than four years (1508-1512) without assistance under adverse 1512) without assistance under adverse conditions by Michaelangelo.conditions by Michaelangelo.

Political ContextPolitical Context The Rise of NationalismThe Rise of Nationalism

– Monarchs seek to centralize powerMonarchs seek to centralize power SpainSpain

– United the peninsula in 1492United the peninsula in 1492 Established the Spanish Inquisition in 1480Established the Spanish Inquisition in 1480 Expelled Jews in 1492 (165,000 Jews left)Expelled Jews in 1492 (165,000 Jews left) Expelled Muslims in 1502Expelled Muslims in 1502

– King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile (married 1469)of Castile (married 1469) Married daughter Joanna to Emperor Maximilian’s son Married daughter Joanna to Emperor Maximilian’s son

Philip.Philip.– Charles I of Spain was their son (King in 1516)Charles I of Spain was their son (King in 1516)

Married daughter Catherine to Henry VII of England’s Married daughter Catherine to Henry VII of England’s son Arthur (later married to Henry VIII).son Arthur (later married to Henry VIII).

Political ContextPolitical Context

FranceFrance– Francis I reigned from 1515-1547Francis I reigned from 1515-1547– Centralized authority in FranceCentralized authority in France– France and Spain fought four wars in first half France and Spain fought four wars in first half

of the 16of the 16thth century century EnglandEngland

– Henry VII (1485-1509) began the Tudor Henry VII (1485-1509) began the Tudor dynasty.dynasty. Treaty with French in 1501.Treaty with French in 1501. Married sons to Catherine of AragonMarried sons to Catherine of Aragon Married daughter Margaret to James IV of Scotland.Married daughter Margaret to James IV of Scotland.

– Henry VIII (1509-1547)Henry VIII (1509-1547)

Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire Seven Individuals elected the Emperor (majority Seven Individuals elected the Emperor (majority

vote):vote):– 3 Archbishops (Trier, Mainz and Cologne)3 Archbishops (Trier, Mainz and Cologne)– 4 Rulers (Duke of Saxony, Margrave of Brandenburg, 4 Rulers (Duke of Saxony, Margrave of Brandenburg,

Count Palatine of the Rhine, and King of Bohemia)Count Palatine of the Rhine, and King of Bohemia) Ruled Germany, Austria and scattered parts of Ruled Germany, Austria and scattered parts of

Eastern Europe—the family Hapsburg had ruled Eastern Europe—the family Hapsburg had ruled as Emperor since 1273.as Emperor since 1273.

Emperor headed the Imperial Diet:Emperor headed the Imperial Diet:– House of electors, house of princes, and house of free House of electors, house of princes, and house of free

cities.cities.– The Empire was composed of almost 300 separate The Empire was composed of almost 300 separate

political units.political units.

Maximilian I (1459-1519)Maximilian I (1459-1519)

Married to Mary of Married to Mary of Burgundy, daughter of Burgundy, daughter of Charles the Bold.Charles the Bold.

Elected Holy Roman Elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1493.Emperor in 1493.

Philip, the son of Philip, the son of Maximilian and Mary, Maximilian and Mary, was married to was married to Joanna, the daughter Joanna, the daughter of Ferdinand and of Ferdinand and Isabella, King and Isabella, King and Queen of Spain. Queen of Spain.

Holy Roman Empire in 1512Holy Roman Empire in 1512

Hapsburg FamilyHapsburg Family Maximilian’s granddaughter Maximilian’s granddaughter

Mary married Louis of Mary married Louis of Hungary-Bohemia and Louis’ Hungary-Bohemia and Louis’ sister (Anne) married sister (Anne) married Maximilian’s grandson Maximilian’s grandson Ferdinand. Mary and Ferdinand. Mary and Ferdinand were children of Ferdinand were children of Philip (Maximilan’s son) and Philip (Maximilan’s son) and Joanna of Castile.Joanna of Castile.

The marriages arranged there The marriages arranged there brought Habsburg kingship brought Habsburg kingship over Hungary and Bohemia in over Hungary and Bohemia in 1526. Both Anne and Louis 1526. Both Anne and Louis were adopted by Maximilian.were adopted by Maximilian.

The Hapsburgs, then, by 1525 The Hapsburgs, then, by 1525 ruled the European world ruled the European world except Britain, France, parts of except Britain, France, parts of Italy and Poland.Italy and Poland.

Hapsburg DynastyHapsburg Dynasty Charles I, the grandson Charles I, the grandson

of Maximilian and King of Maximilian and King of Spain, was elected of Spain, was elected the Holy Roman the Holy Roman Emperor as Charles V Emperor as Charles V (1519-1556). (1519-1556).

The extent of his reign The extent of his reign is reflected in his terse is reflected in his terse statement about his statement about his language range: “I language range: “I speak Spanish to God, speak Spanish to God, Italian to women, Italian to women, French to men, and French to men, and German to my horse.”German to my horse.”

Hapsburg EmpireHapsburg Empire Charles’ brother, Charles’ brother,

Ferdinand, reigned over Ferdinand, reigned over the German regions of the the German regions of the Empire (as well as King of Empire (as well as King of Hungary and Bohemia). Hungary and Bohemia). Ultimately, Ferdinand Ultimately, Ferdinand would become Holy Roman would become Holy Roman Emperor in 1556 and Emperor in 1556 and Charles’ son Philip would Charles’ son Philip would become King of Spain and become King of Spain and ruler of the low countries ruler of the low countries (Belgium, Netherlands)(Belgium, Netherlands)

Ferdinand continued the Ferdinand continued the Hapsburg dynasty in Hapsburg dynasty in Germany as well as Germany as well as Bohemia and Hungary Bohemia and Hungary along with parts of Italy.along with parts of Italy.

Political Realities in Germany

No centralized government; thus, territorial autonomy the norm.

Emperor is elected and dependent upon the respective parts of the empire.

Germany undergoing economic growth (Fugger banking)

No unity: – 25 secular principalities– 90 ecclesiastical principalities– Castles of Independent Knights– Free Cities– Over 100 Counts

Holy Roman Empire in 1512Holy Roman Empire in 1512

Italy and Eastern EuropeItaly and Eastern Europe Italy:Italy:

– Divided into five statesDivided into five states Duchy of Milan, Republic of Florence (Tuscany), Duchy of Milan, Republic of Florence (Tuscany),

Republic of Venice, Kingdom of Naples, and Papal Republic of Venice, Kingdom of Naples, and Papal States.States.

– Italy was often subjugated by external powers Italy was often subjugated by external powers as France and Spain fought over claims to title as France and Spain fought over claims to title on the peninsula. on the peninsula.

Eastern EuropeEastern Europe– Contstantinople had fallen in 1453.Contstantinople had fallen in 1453.– By 1500, Turks threatened Hungary, Bohemia By 1500, Turks threatened Hungary, Bohemia

and Austria. Turks already occupied Serbia and and Austria. Turks already occupied Serbia and Bulgaria.Bulgaria.

European HostilitiesEuropean Hostilities Spanish-French Wars (Hapsburg-Valois Wars)Spanish-French Wars (Hapsburg-Valois Wars)

– France continually invaded Italy to reclaim lands and assert France continually invaded Italy to reclaim lands and assert rights in Naples from 1494 forward.rights in Naples from 1494 forward.

– Spanish and Hapsburg rulers sided with the Italian states.Spanish and Hapsburg rulers sided with the Italian states.– Charles V and Francois I of France fought four major wars from Charles V and Francois I of France fought four major wars from

1521-1544 with Charles always on the winning side.1521-1544 with Charles always on the winning side. The Turkish Problem.The Turkish Problem.

– The Ottoman Turks defeated Louis of Bohemia and Hungary at The Ottoman Turks defeated Louis of Bohemia and Hungary at the Battle of Mohacs in 1526 in which Louis died and Ferdinand the Battle of Mohacs in 1526 in which Louis died and Ferdinand (Charles’ brother) becomes King of Bohemia and Hungary.(Charles’ brother) becomes King of Bohemia and Hungary.

– The Turks besieged Vienna for 14 days in 1529 but retreated.The Turks besieged Vienna for 14 days in 1529 but retreated. The Papal ProblemThe Papal Problem

– The Pope often joined with the French king because he was The Pope often joined with the French king because he was fearful of Charles’ power.fearful of Charles’ power.

– In 1527 Charles sacked Rome and by 1530 he controlled Italy.In 1527 Charles sacked Rome and by 1530 he controlled Italy.

Economic ContextEconomic Context

The Black Plague (1350s)The Black Plague (1350s)– Reduced population by 1/4 to 1/3. Reduced population by 1/4 to 1/3. – Introduction of monetary-based economicsIntroduction of monetary-based economics– Rise in taxation, including PapalRise in taxation, including Papal

Significant Change in 1500sSignificant Change in 1500s– Increased population (60-85 million)Increased population (60-85 million)– Increased prices (greater demand)Increased prices (greater demand)– Increased trade (colonies)Increased trade (colonies)– Consequently, an age favorable to bankersConsequently, an age favorable to bankers

Medici’s of FlorenceMedici’s of Florence Fuggers of Augsburg, GermanyFuggers of Augsburg, Germany

“The Fuggerei” built by Jacob Fugger in Augsburg was the world’s first low-cost housing development. It is still in use today

Intellectual Context: Intellectual Context: HumanismHumanism

Renaissance Humanism (Italy, 1350-1550)Renaissance Humanism (Italy, 1350-1550)– Renewal of classical art, architecture and ideasRenewal of classical art, architecture and ideas

Scholastic Humanism (Europe, 1450-1650)Scholastic Humanism (Europe, 1450-1650)– Publication and study of ancient literaturePublication and study of ancient literature– ““Ad FontesAd Fontes” (to the sources)” (to the sources)– Earliest surviving printed Scripture is 1457 Earliest surviving printed Scripture is 1457

(Psalms).(Psalms). Reforming Humanism (Northern Europe, Reforming Humanism (Northern Europe,

1450-1550).1450-1550).– Reforming the Catholic institutions and powerReforming the Catholic institutions and power– Reforming moralsReforming morals– Many of the Reformers began as humanists Many of the Reformers began as humanists

(Zwingli, Calvin, Melanchton).(Zwingli, Calvin, Melanchton).

Erasmus (1466-1536)Erasmus (1466-1536) “Prince of the Humanists” “Prince of the Humanists”

Son of a Rotterdam priest, Son of a Rotterdam priest, ordained 1492. ordained 1492. – Educated by Brethren of Educated by Brethren of

Common LifeCommon Life– Studied at University of Studied at University of

Paris as well as time in Paris as well as time in England and Italy.England and Italy.

– Lived most of his life in Lived most of his life in Basel, SwitzerlandBasel, Switzerland

Important WorkImportant Work– Handbook of the Christian Handbook of the Christian

KnightKnight (1503) (1503)– Praise of FollyPraise of Folly– Editions of the Patristic Editions of the Patristic

writingswritings– Editions of the Greek NT Editions of the Greek NT

(1516, 1519, 1522, 1527).(1516, 1519, 1522, 1527).

Martin Luther (1483-1546)Martin Luther (1483-1546) Complex Person: sought Complex Person: sought

spiritual satisfaction, spiritual satisfaction, opposed church abuses, opposed church abuses, and never intended a and never intended a church split.church split.

Brilliant, gifted in Brilliant, gifted in language, passionate language, passionate about his faith, but also about his faith, but also anti-Jewish, rude/vulgar anti-Jewish, rude/vulgar in language, and given in language, and given to exaggeration. to exaggeration.

Anti-clerical feelings in Germany

Resentment of German money going to Rome – papal taxes

Clergy not paying taxes Perceived failure of clergy during Black

Death Resentment over large amount of land

in Germany held by the church

Resentment of German money going to Rome – papal taxes

Clergy not paying taxes Perceived failure of clergy during Black

Death Resentment over large amount of land

in Germany held by the church

Young LutherYoung Luther Born in Eisleben,Born in Eisleben,

received M.A. at Erfurt in 1505.received M.A. at Erfurt in 1505.

Intended to study law, but due to religious experience he Intended to study law, but due to religious experience he entered an Augustinian monastery in 1505.entered an Augustinian monastery in 1505.

Ordained a priest in 1507 and singled out by his mentor Ordained a priest in 1507 and singled out by his mentor Staupitz to study theology for university teaching--received Staupitz to study theology for university teaching--received a Doctor of Theology in 1512.a Doctor of Theology in 1512.

Became the district supervisor of eleven monasteries, but Became the district supervisor of eleven monasteries, but ultimately began permanent teaching at the University of ultimately began permanent teaching at the University of Wittenberg in 1512.Wittenberg in 1512.– A new university begun in 1502 by Elector Frederick the Wise A new university begun in 1502 by Elector Frederick the Wise

of Saxonyof Saxony

Trip to Rome 1510

Sent to Rome to represent monastery

Monks hoped holy city would encourage

Repulsed by sale of relics, immorality

Climbed stairs at St. John – did nothing

Returned incensed by church corruption

Sent to Rome to represent monastery

Monks hoped holy city would encourage

Repulsed by sale of relics, immorality

Climbed stairs at St. John – did nothing

Returned incensed by church corruption

The Sacred Stairs at St. John Lateran

The Sancta ScalaThe Sancta Scala

Constantine installed the stairs his mother brought back from Jerusalem at St. John Lateran.

Supposedly the stairs at Pilate’s judgment hall in Jerusalem which Christ descended when beaten by the solders and ascended to return to Pilate for judgment

Pilgrims say Hail Mary’s and Our Father’s going up the stairs on their knees.

ProfessorProfessor As a monk and even more As a monk and even more

so as a Professor, he began so as a Professor, he began to question the penitential to question the penitential system of the Catholic system of the Catholic Church.Church.

1513-1518 he lectured on 1513-1518 he lectured on biblical books at the biblical books at the University (Psalms, Romans, University (Psalms, Romans, Galatians, Hebrews) and Galatians, Hebrews) and began to teach from the began to teach from the Greek text rather than the Greek text rather than the Latin.Latin.

His “conversion”: the His “conversion”: the meaning of the meaning of the “righteousness of God” in “righteousness of God” in Romans 1:16-17.Romans 1:16-17.

IndulgencesIndulgences Pope Julius II announced a general Pope Julius II announced a general

indulgence to pay for the construction of indulgence to pay for the construction of St. Peter’ Basilica in 1510.St. Peter’ Basilica in 1510.

Pope Leo X extended the indulgences and Pope Leo X extended the indulgences and appointed Luther’s Archbishop (Albert of appointed Luther’s Archbishop (Albert of Brandenburg) the high commissioner. Brandenburg) the high commissioner.

Albert was Luther’s Archbishop. John Albert was Luther’s Archbishop. John Tetzel was appointed a sub commissioner Tetzel was appointed a sub commissioner of indulgence sales.of indulgence sales.

The Indulgence ScandalThe Indulgence Scandal

Albrecht von Hohenzollern sought the Albrecht von Hohenzollern sought the office of electoral Archbishop of Mainz office of electoral Archbishop of Mainz from Popefrom Pope

Paid a high amount to secure itPaid a high amount to secure it Loan financed by Fugger BankLoan financed by Fugger Bank Repaid through sale of Repaid through sale of

indulgencesindulgences John Tetzel (Dominican) John Tetzel (Dominican)

put in chargeput in charge

Albrecht von Hohenzollern sought the Albrecht von Hohenzollern sought the office of electoral Archbishop of Mainz office of electoral Archbishop of Mainz from Popefrom Pope

Paid a high amount to secure itPaid a high amount to secure it Loan financed by Fugger BankLoan financed by Fugger Bank Repaid through sale of Repaid through sale of

indulgencesindulgences John Tetzel (Dominican) John Tetzel (Dominican)

put in chargeput in charge

ReformerReformer 95 Theses in Latin: October 95 Theses in Latin: October

31, 1517 on the door of the 31, 1517 on the door of the Castle Church of Wittenberg.Castle Church of Wittenberg.

He originally set forth several He originally set forth several theses for academic debate at theses for academic debate at the University, but when they the University, but when they aroused little interest he aroused little interest he directed these 95 theses at the directed these 95 theses at the sale of indulgences and the sale of indulgences and the nature of repentance.nature of repentance.

The door was the bulletin The door was the bulletin board of the University in Latin, board of the University in Latin, but translated copies were but translated copies were published throughout Germany published throughout Germany and Switzerland within months.and Switzerland within months.

95 Theses95 Theses 1. Our Lord and Master Jesus Christ, when He 1. Our Lord and Master Jesus Christ, when He

said Poenitentiam agite, willed that the whole life said Poenitentiam agite, willed that the whole life of believers should be repentance. of believers should be repentance.

5. The pope does not intend to remit, and cannot 5. The pope does not intend to remit, and cannot remit any penalties other than those which he remit any penalties other than those which he has imposed either by his own authority or by has imposed either by his own authority or by that of the Canons. that of the Canons.

21. Therefore those preachers of indulgences are 21. Therefore those preachers of indulgences are in error, who say that by the pope's indulgences a in error, who say that by the pope's indulgences a man is freed from every penalty, and saved; man is freed from every penalty, and saved;

95 Theses95 Theses 27. They preach man who say that so soon as the 27. They preach man who say that so soon as the

penny jingles into the money-box, the soul flies penny jingles into the money-box, the soul flies out [of purgatory]. out [of purgatory].

28. It is certain that when the penny jingles into 28. It is certain that when the penny jingles into the money-box, gain and avarice can be the money-box, gain and avarice can be increased, but the result of the intercession of the increased, but the result of the intercession of the Church is in the power of God alone. Church is in the power of God alone.

36. Every truly repentant Christian has a right to 36. Every truly repentant Christian has a right to full remission of penalty and guilt, even full remission of penalty and guilt, even without letters of pardon. without letters of pardon.

95 Theses95 Theses

45. Christians are to be taught that he who 45. Christians are to be taught that he who sees a man in need, and passes him by, sees a man in need, and passes him by, and gives [his money] for pardons, and gives [his money] for pardons, purchases not the indulgences of the purchases not the indulgences of the pope, but the indignation of God. pope, but the indignation of God.

52. The assurance of salvation by letters 52. The assurance of salvation by letters of pardon is vain, even though the of pardon is vain, even though the commissary, nay, even though the pope commissary, nay, even though the pope himself, were to stake his soul upon it. himself, were to stake his soul upon it.

95 Theses95 Theses 82. Question: "Why does not the pope empty 82. Question: "Why does not the pope empty

purgatory, for the sake of holy love and of the purgatory, for the sake of holy love and of the dire need of the souls that are there, if he dire need of the souls that are there, if he redeems an infinite number of souls for the sake redeems an infinite number of souls for the sake of miserable money with which to build a Church? of miserable money with which to build a Church? The former reasons would be most just; the latter The former reasons would be most just; the latter is most trivial." is most trivial."

86. Again: -- "Why does not the pope, whose 86. Again: -- "Why does not the pope, whose wealth is to-day greater than the riches of the wealth is to-day greater than the riches of the richest, build just this one church of St. Peter with richest, build just this one church of St. Peter with his own money, rather than with the money of his own money, rather than with the money of poor believers?" poor believers?"

Luther and the PopeLuther and the Pope April 1518 – Heidelberg meeting with Augustinian April 1518 – Heidelberg meeting with Augustinian

and Dominican monks (Bucer attended).and Dominican monks (Bucer attended). October 1518 – Luther was called to account at October 1518 – Luther was called to account at

Augsburg by Cardinal Cajetan (reformist).Augsburg by Cardinal Cajetan (reformist). 1519 – Luther debated the masterful theologian 1519 – Luther debated the masterful theologian

John Eck at Leipzig.John Eck at Leipzig. 1520 – Papal bull condemned Luther’s writings and 1520 – Papal bull condemned Luther’s writings and

ordered them to be burned.ordered them to be burned. January 1521 – Luther was excommunicated.January 1521 – Luther was excommunicated. April 1521 – Luther appeared before the Imperial April 1521 – Luther appeared before the Imperial

Diet at Worms and Charles issued an Edict Diet at Worms and Charles issued an Edict declaring anyone who helps Luther a criminal and declaring anyone who helps Luther a criminal and subject to arrest.subject to arrest.

This building, built and owned by Jacob Fugger, was the site of the 1518 debate between Martin Luther and Cardinal Cajetan

Debate with Eck at Leipzig 1519

Opportunity to debate John Eck of Ingolstadt

Invitation to colleagues Philipp Melancthon and Andreas Karlstadt

Luther joined, took floor Eck identified him with

John Hus, “heretic” Luther appealed to

authority of Scripture

Opportunity to debate John Eck of Ingolstadt

Invitation to colleagues Philipp Melancthon and Andreas Karlstadt

Luther joined, took floor Eck identified him with

John Hus, “heretic” Luther appealed to

authority of Scripture Johann Eck

Luther’s 1520 TractsLuther’s 1520 Tracts

Using printing press, Luther Using printing press, Luther published tracts about every other published tracts about every other week, stirring up Germany against week, stirring up Germany against the pope and Catholic hierarchy:the pope and Catholic hierarchy:– On the Babylonian Captivity of the On the Babylonian Captivity of the

ChurchChurch– On the Freedom of a Christian PrinceOn the Freedom of a Christian Prince– Address to the Christian NobilityAddress to the Christian Nobility

Books produced at Diet of WormsBooks produced at Diet of Worms

Using printing press, Luther Using printing press, Luther published tracts about every other published tracts about every other week, stirring up Germany against week, stirring up Germany against the pope and Catholic hierarchy:the pope and Catholic hierarchy:– On the Babylonian Captivity of the On the Babylonian Captivity of the

ChurchChurch– On the Freedom of a Christian PrinceOn the Freedom of a Christian Prince– Address to the Christian NobilityAddress to the Christian Nobility

Books produced at Diet of WormsBooks produced at Diet of Worms

Exsurge, DomineBurning of the Bull in Wittenberg

Diet of WormsDiet of Worms Charles was elected as Charles V the Holy Roman Charles was elected as Charles V the Holy Roman

Emperor in 1519, and Frederick the Wise (Luther’s Emperor in 1519, and Frederick the Wise (Luther’s ruler) was one of the electors.ruler) was one of the electors.

Charles agreed to hear Luther at Worms (April Charles agreed to hear Luther at Worms (April 1521).1521).

Luther’s statement is renowned:Luther’s statement is renowned: “ “Unless I am convinced by the testimony of the Scriptures Unless I am convinced by the testimony of the Scriptures

or by clear reason (for I do not trust in the pope or in or by clear reason (for I do not trust in the pope or in councils alone, since it is well known that they have often councils alone, since it is well known that they have often erred and contradicted themselves), I am bound by the erred and contradicted themselves), I am bound by the Scriptures I have quoted and my conscience is captive to Scriptures I have quoted and my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will not retract anything, the Word of God. I cannot and I will not retract anything, since it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience. since it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience. I cannot do otherwise, here I stand, may God help me, I cannot do otherwise, here I stand, may God help me, amen.”amen.”

Luther before the Diet of Worms, 1521

Exile at the Wartburg, 1522Exile at the Wartburg, 1522 Taken into protective custody Taken into protective custody

by Frederickby Frederick Lived in isolation at Wartburg Lived in isolation at Wartburg

castlecastle ““Knight George”Knight George” Translated NT into GermanTranslated NT into German

– Used Erasmus’ 1516 Greek New Used Erasmus’ 1516 Greek New Testament textTestament text

Andreas Karlstadt turned Andreas Karlstadt turned reformation in Wittenberg reformation in Wittenberg into violent revolutioninto violent revolution

Taken into protective custody Taken into protective custody by Frederickby Frederick

Lived in isolation at Wartburg Lived in isolation at Wartburg castlecastle

““Knight George”Knight George” Translated NT into GermanTranslated NT into German

– Used Erasmus’ 1516 Greek New Used Erasmus’ 1516 Greek New Testament textTestament text

Andreas Karlstadt turned Andreas Karlstadt turned reformation in Wittenberg reformation in Wittenberg into violent revolutioninto violent revolution

Luther as “Knight George”

The Wartburg

Luther translating the Bible at the Wartburg

Andreas KarlstadtAndreas Karlstadt

1477-15411477-1541 Educated in philosophy, law, Educated in philosophy, law,

theologytheology Universities of Cologne, Erfurt, Universities of Cologne, Erfurt,

WittenbergWittenberg 1510 became professor & 1510 became professor &

doctor of theology at doctor of theology at WittenbergWittenberg

Luther expelled him 1522Luther expelled him 1522 Later taught at Basel UniversityLater taught at Basel University

1477-15411477-1541 Educated in philosophy, law, Educated in philosophy, law,

theologytheology Universities of Cologne, Erfurt, Universities of Cologne, Erfurt,

WittenbergWittenberg 1510 became professor & 1510 became professor &

doctor of theology at doctor of theology at WittenbergWittenberg

Luther expelled him 1522Luther expelled him 1522 Later taught at Basel UniversityLater taught at Basel University

Katherine von BoraKatherine von Bora

Former nunFormer nunMarried LutherMarried LutherGood marriageGood marriageSix childrenSix children““My Katie”My Katie”

Former nunFormer nunMarried LutherMarried LutherGood marriageGood marriageSix childrenSix children““My Katie”My Katie”

Luther’s home in WittenbergLuther’s home in Wittenberg

Monastery in Wittenberg that became home for Martin Luther and his wife Katherine, their children, and others

they took care of.

Organization of ChurchesOrganization of Churches

Religion of prince determined religion of Religion of prince determined religion of people in Germanypeople in Germany

Prince served as “Notbischof”Prince served as “Notbischof” Visitation, committee to encourage Visitation, committee to encourage

disciplinediscipline Pastors over churchesPastors over churches Separation of church & state, but Separation of church & state, but

cooperation between two areascooperation between two areas Communion in both kindsCommunion in both kinds Liturgical Worship—Differed little from Liturgical Worship—Differed little from

Roman CatholicsRoman Catholics Doctrine defined by Doctrine defined by Augsburg ConfessionAugsburg Confession

Religion of prince determined religion of Religion of prince determined religion of people in Germanypeople in Germany

Prince served as “Notbischof”Prince served as “Notbischof” Visitation, committee to encourage Visitation, committee to encourage

disciplinediscipline Pastors over churchesPastors over churches Separation of church & state, but Separation of church & state, but

cooperation between two areascooperation between two areas Communion in both kindsCommunion in both kinds Liturgical Worship—Differed little from Liturgical Worship—Differed little from

Roman CatholicsRoman Catholics Doctrine defined by Doctrine defined by Augsburg ConfessionAugsburg Confession

House in Eisleben where Luther

died in 1546

St. Andreas Church in Eisleben where Luther preached his last

sermon Feb. 16, 1546

Luther’s TheologyLuther’s Theology ““Sola Scriptura”—Scripture is the final Sola Scriptura”—Scripture is the final

authorityauthority

““Sola Gratia”—God’s grace initiates salvationSola Gratia”—God’s grace initiates salvation

““Sola Fidei”—Salvation is by faith alone, not Sola Fidei”—Salvation is by faith alone, not human works.human works.

Priesthood of All Believers.Priesthood of All Believers.

Spread through the Printing Press.Spread through the Printing Press.

Why the Reformation Why the Reformation SucceededSucceeded

Late Medieval Piety was VibrantLate Medieval Piety was Vibrant– Pilgrimages, confessional manuals, prayer booksPilgrimages, confessional manuals, prayer books– Lay movements (e.g., Brethren of the Common Life)Lay movements (e.g., Brethren of the Common Life)– Rise in the veneration of Mary and saints.Rise in the veneration of Mary and saints.– There was a strong spiritual longing and searching.There was a strong spiritual longing and searching.

The Reformation Offered Spiritual Satisfaction:The Reformation Offered Spiritual Satisfaction:– The burden of medieval piety was lifted.The burden of medieval piety was lifted.– Spiritual anxiety about salvation was alleviated.Spiritual anxiety about salvation was alleviated.– The institutional church seemed too bound up with The institutional church seemed too bound up with

economic and political realities and thus many felt economic and political realities and thus many felt alienated.alienated.

Augsburg Confession, 1530Augsburg Confession, 1530

At the Diet of Speyer in 1526, Emperor At the Diet of Speyer in 1526, Emperor sought to enforce the Diet of Worms. sought to enforce the Diet of Worms. However, the princes asked for more time.However, the princes asked for more time.

At Diet of Speyer in 1529, the Emperor told At Diet of Speyer in 1529, the Emperor told the princes that they could seize no more the princes that they could seize no more church land. At that time the princes church land. At that time the princes “protested” (and thus were called “protested” (and thus were called “Protestants”).“Protestants”).

In response, the Emperor demanded to In response, the Emperor demanded to know what they all believed.know what they all believed.

Princes asked Philip Melancthon to draw up Princes asked Philip Melancthon to draw up a confession of their faith, which they all the a confession of their faith, which they all the north German princes signed.north German princes signed.

At the Diet of Speyer in 1526, Emperor At the Diet of Speyer in 1526, Emperor sought to enforce the Diet of Worms. sought to enforce the Diet of Worms. However, the princes asked for more time.However, the princes asked for more time.

At Diet of Speyer in 1529, the Emperor told At Diet of Speyer in 1529, the Emperor told the princes that they could seize no more the princes that they could seize no more church land. At that time the princes church land. At that time the princes “protested” (and thus were called “protested” (and thus were called “Protestants”).“Protestants”).

In response, the Emperor demanded to In response, the Emperor demanded to know what they all believed.know what they all believed.

Princes asked Philip Melancthon to draw up Princes asked Philip Melancthon to draw up a confession of their faith, which they all the a confession of their faith, which they all the north German princes signed.north German princes signed.

Philipp MelancthonPhilipp Melancthon

Humanist ScholarAuthor of

Augsburg Confessions, 1530

Worked with Bucer for unity

Humanist ScholarAuthor of

Augsburg Confessions, 1530

Worked with Bucer for unity

Augsburg Confession, 1530

Melancthon drew up confession Presented to emperor and assembly of princes

and theologians at bishop’s palace in Augsburg Most Protestant leaders were present Luther could not go due to emperor’s ban Became confession for Lutheran churches For the time, common confession of all

Protestants (even Calvin signed it later as Melanchton, Bucer and Calvin worked for unity).

Melancthon drew up confession Presented to emperor and assembly of princes

and theologians at bishop’s palace in Augsburg Most Protestant leaders were present Luther could not go due to emperor’s ban Became confession for Lutheran churches For the time, common confession of all

Protestants (even Calvin signed it later as Melanchton, Bucer and Calvin worked for unity).

Bishop’s Palace in Augsburg was the site of the 1530 Augsburg Confession presentation. The tower in the background is the only original structure/

Augusburg Confession Augusburg Confession (1530)(1530)

On Original Sin (#2)On Original Sin (#2)

Also they teach that since the fall of Adam Also they teach that since the fall of Adam all men begotten in the natural way are all men begotten in the natural way are born with sin, that is, without the fear of born with sin, that is, without the fear of God, without trust in God, and with God, without trust in God, and with concupiscence; and that this disease, or concupiscence; and that this disease, or vice of origin, is truly sin, even now vice of origin, is truly sin, even now condemning and bringing eternal death condemning and bringing eternal death upon those not born again through upon those not born again through Baptism and the Holy Ghost. Baptism and the Holy Ghost.

Augusburg Confession (1530)

On Justification by Faith #4Also they teach that men cannot be justified before God by their own strength, merits, or works, but are freely justified for Christ's sake, through faith, when they believe that they are received into favor, and that their sins are forgiven for Christ's sake, who, by His death, has made satisfaction for our sins. This faith God imputes for righteousness in His sight. Rom. 3 and 4.

Augsburg Confession (1530)Augsburg Confession (1530)

On New Obedience #6On New Obedience #6Also they teach that this faith is Also they teach that this faith is bound to bring forth good fruits, and bound to bring forth good fruits, and that it is necessary to do good works that it is necessary to do good works commanded by God, because of commanded by God, because of God's will, but that we should not God's will, but that we should not rely on those works to merit rely on those works to merit justification before God. For justification before God. For remission of sins and justification is remission of sins and justification is apprehended by faith, apprehended by faith,

Augsburg Confession (1530)Augsburg Confession (1530) Of the Church #7Of the Church #7

Also they teach that one holy Church is to continue Also they teach that one holy Church is to continue forever. The Church is the congregation of saints, forever. The Church is the congregation of saints, in which the Gospel is rightly taught and the in which the Gospel is rightly taught and the Sacraments are rightly administered. Sacraments are rightly administered.

And to the true unity of the Church it is enough to And to the true unity of the Church it is enough to agree concerning the doctrine of the Gospel and agree concerning the doctrine of the Gospel and the administration of the Sacraments. Nor is it the administration of the Sacraments. Nor is it necessary that human traditions, that is, rites or necessary that human traditions, that is, rites or ceremonies, instituted by men, should be ceremonies, instituted by men, should be everywhere alike. As Paul says: One faith, one everywhere alike. As Paul says: One faith, one Baptism, one God and Father of all, etc. Eph. 4, 5. Baptism, one God and Father of all, etc. Eph. 4, 5. 6. 6.

Augsburg Confession (1530)Augsburg Confession (1530)

Of Baptism #9Of Baptism #9

Of Baptism they teach that it is Of Baptism they teach that it is necessary to salvation, and that necessary to salvation, and that through Baptism is offered the grace through Baptism is offered the grace of God, and that children are to be of God, and that children are to be baptized who, being offered to God baptized who, being offered to God through Baptism are received into through Baptism are received into God's grace. God's grace.

Augsburg Confession (1530)Augsburg Confession (1530) On Repentance #12On Repentance #12

Of Repentance they teach that for those who Of Repentance they teach that for those who have fallen after Baptism there is remission of have fallen after Baptism there is remission of sins whenever they are converted and that the sins whenever they are converted and that the Church ought to impart absolution to those thus Church ought to impart absolution to those thus returning to repentance. Now, repentance returning to repentance. Now, repentance consists properly of these two parts: One is consists properly of these two parts: One is contrition, that is, terrors smiting the conscience contrition, that is, terrors smiting the conscience through the knowledge of sin; the other is faith, through the knowledge of sin; the other is faith, which is born of the Gospel, or of absolution, and which is born of the Gospel, or of absolution, and believes that for Christ's sake, sins are forgiven, believes that for Christ's sake, sins are forgiven, comforts the conscience, and delivers it from comforts the conscience, and delivers it from terrors. Then good works are bound to follow, terrors. Then good works are bound to follow, which are the fruits of repentance. which are the fruits of repentance.

Augsburg Confession (1530)Augsburg Confession (1530) Of Ecclesiastical Practices, #15Of Ecclesiastical Practices, #15

Of Usages in the Church they teach that those ought Of Usages in the Church they teach that those ought to be observed which may be observed without sin, and to be observed which may be observed without sin, and which are profitable unto tranquility and good order in the which are profitable unto tranquility and good order in the Church, as particular holy-days, festivals, and the like. Church, as particular holy-days, festivals, and the like.

Nevertheless, concerning such things men are Nevertheless, concerning such things men are admonished that consciences are not to be burdened, as admonished that consciences are not to be burdened, as though such observance was necessary to salvation. though such observance was necessary to salvation.

They are admonished also that human traditions They are admonished also that human traditions instituted to propitiate God, to merit grace, and to make instituted to propitiate God, to merit grace, and to make satisfaction for sins, are opposed to the Gospel and the satisfaction for sins, are opposed to the Gospel and the doctrine of faith. Wherefore vows and traditions concerning doctrine of faith. Wherefore vows and traditions concerning meats and days, etc., instituted to merit grace and to make meats and days, etc., instituted to merit grace and to make satisfaction for sins, are useless and contrary to the Gospel. satisfaction for sins, are useless and contrary to the Gospel.

Augsburg Confession (1530)Augsburg Confession (1530) Of Good Works, #20Of Good Works, #20

Our teachers are falsely accused of forbidding good Our teachers are falsely accused of forbidding good Works. For their published writings on the Ten Works. For their published writings on the Ten Commandments, and others of like import, bear Commandments, and others of like import, bear witness that they have taught to good purpose witness that they have taught to good purpose concerning all estates and duties of life, as to what concerning all estates and duties of life, as to what estates of life and what works in every calling be estates of life and what works in every calling be pleasing to God. Concerning these things preachers pleasing to God. Concerning these things preachers heretofore taught but little, and urged only childish heretofore taught but little, and urged only childish and needless works, as particular holy-days, particular and needless works, as particular holy-days, particular fasts, brotherhoods, pilgrimages, services in honor of fasts, brotherhoods, pilgrimages, services in honor of saints, the use of rosaries, monasticism, and such like. saints, the use of rosaries, monasticism, and such like. Since our adversaries have been admonished of these Since our adversaries have been admonished of these things, they are now unlearning them, and do not things, they are now unlearning them, and do not preach these unprofitable works.preach these unprofitable works.

Augsburg Confession (1530)Augsburg Confession (1530) Worship of the Saints, #21Worship of the Saints, #21

Of the Worship of Saints they teach that the Of the Worship of Saints they teach that the memory of saints may be set before us, that we memory of saints may be set before us, that we may follow their faith and good works, according to may follow their faith and good works, according to our calling, as the Emperor may follow the example our calling, as the Emperor may follow the example of David in making war to drive away the Turk from of David in making war to drive away the Turk from his country; For both are kings. But the Scripture his country; For both are kings. But the Scripture teaches not the invocation of saints or to ask help teaches not the invocation of saints or to ask help of saints, since it sets before us the one Christ as of saints, since it sets before us the one Christ as the Mediator, Propitiation, High Priest, and the Mediator, Propitiation, High Priest, and Intercessor. He is to be prayed to, and has promised Intercessor. He is to be prayed to, and has promised that He will hear our prayer; and this worship He that He will hear our prayer; and this worship He approves above all, to wit, that in all afflictions He approves above all, to wit, that in all afflictions He be called upon, 1 John 2, 1: If any man sin, we have be called upon, 1 John 2, 1: If any man sin, we have an Advocate with the Father.an Advocate with the Father.