lass-flörl cornelia innsbruck medical university divison of hygiene and medical microbiology is...
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Lass-Flörl CorneliaInnsbruck Medical University
Divison of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology
Is azole resistance increasing amongst Aspergillus species?
Innsbruck Medical University
Faculty disclosure
• Invited speaker: Pfizer, Gilead, MSD, Schering-Plough
• Consultant: Pfizer, Gilead, Schering-Plough• Research Grants: Pfizer, Gilead, Schering-Plough
Concentration that inhibits the growth of fungi = Minimum inhibitory concentration
(expressed as µg/ml)
Several methods can be used to define the MIC MIC reading = depends on the method used
(EUCAST, CLSI, E-test,…)
To determine the susceptibility of fungi to antifungal agents
AmB
5FC
FLU
ITRA
VORI
CASPO
Increasing Concentrations
candida
MICs defined via E-test
Growth of fungus
MIC= zone of inhibition
Susceptibility testing: The big gaps
– MICs help, but hard to standardize
– Correlations appear possible based on individual isolates. Broad correlations based on multiple isolates are still lacking
– Understanding this helps a lot when trying to correlate outcome with MIC
- Some patients get better despite MICs
- Some patients just don’t get better despite MICs
– No rule when it correlates/not correlates
Rex, 2005
Aspergillus terreus Amphotericin B Intrinsic
Candida glabrata Azoles Intrinsic and acquired
Candida krusei Azoles Intrinsic
Candida lusitaniae Amphotericin B Intrinsic and acquired
Histoplasma capsulatum Fluconazole Acquired
Has Antifungal Susceptibility Testing Come of Age?Pfaller, Rex 2002
Facing In Vitro/In Vivo Correlation with Fungi
In vitro Azole-Resistance Differences within the world!
• 1997: first published case of ITC-resistant isolates of A. fumigatus (UK)
• 2000: 4.2% with higher MICs to ITC (>8 µg/ml) in a surveillance study (UK)
• 1945-1998: 0.3% in the Netherlands• 2000: 2.5%; 2002: 4.9%; 2006: 6.6% (NL)• 2006: 2% in Spain• 2007: 0% in Austria
Lass-Flörl, 2009
In vivo resistance
• 2002 first cases of what appears to be multiple-azole resistant in A. fumigatus
• In vitro and in vivo correlations• Treatment: polyene or candine or azoles! • Reports derive from UK and The Netherlands
Denning 1997, Verweij, 1998, Moore 2001, Howard, 2006
Multiple-triazole-resistant aspergillosis.
Verweij PE, Mellado E, Melchers WJ
N Engl J Med. 2007 356 (14):1481-3.
Clinical Feature Primary resistance + Secondary resistance
++
In vivo-in vitro correlation
++
Risk factors Long term azole treatment: ++ Long term azole prophylaxis: ++
Cross-resistance ++ Multi-drug azole resistance
++
Outcome Lethal: ++ Plus signs (+) indicate the severity Lass-Flörl, 2009
Frequency doese increase in some centres!
• Resistance of A. fumigatus clinical isolates to triazoles (ITC, VOR, POS) has been reported with increasing frequency,
• although it is generally considered an uncommon phenomenon.
14-α-sterol demethylase
Azoles: Voriconazole, Posaconazole, Itraconazole
Ergosterol
Lanosterol
Azole Resistance Mechanisms
Altered drug uptake Increased drug efflux
1. Changes in drug import/export
cyp 51A
cyp 51A
Mutations in cyp51A
cyp 51Acyp 51A
Overexpression of drug target
2. Alterations in sterol biosynthesis
AZOLE RESISTANT ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS
Amino acid changes Resistant drugs M220I, M220V, M220K, M220T
ITC-resistance and reduced activity to POS, VOR, RAV
G54R, G54E, G54W, G54V
ITC and POS
L98H Multidrug-azole resistance (ITC, POS, VOR, ravuconazole)
G138C ITC, VRC and long-term treatment
Mellado (2004,2005, 2007), Verweij 2007, Snelders 2009
Defintions: Azole- Resistance
1. Azole:a single drug resistance (ITC and VOR > 4µg/ml, POS > 2µg/ml)
2. Multi-azole resistance: resistant against at least two or more drugs
3. Panazole: resistant against all azoles tested
Denning, Verweij, 2009
Cross resistance
• Cross-resistance between azole drugs appears to exist in vivo and in vitro and depends on specific mutations in Cyp51A
• Between ITC and POS
• Not so evident between ITC and VOR
Oakley 2000, Moore 2000
Conclusion
• Increase in some centres
• In vivo and in vitro
• Associated with prolonged azole treatment
• Molecular mechanisms are well knwon