lasers lecturer: mauro mosca ( university of palermo –deim a.a. 2014-15

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Lasers Lasers Lecturer: Mauro Mosca Lecturer: Mauro Mosca (www.dieet.unipa.it/tfl) (www.dieet.unipa.it/tfl) University of Palermo –DEIM A.A. 2014-15 A.A. 2014-15

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Page 1: Lasers Lecturer: Mauro Mosca ( University of Palermo –DEIM A.A. 2014-15

LasersLasers

Lecturer: Mauro MoscaLecturer: Mauro Mosca

(www.dieet.unipa.it/tfl)(www.dieet.unipa.it/tfl)

University of Palermo –DEIM

A.A. 2014-15A.A. 2014-15

Page 2: Lasers Lecturer: Mauro Mosca ( University of Palermo –DEIM A.A. 2014-15

Emission and absorption in radiationEmission and absorption in radiation

Page 3: Lasers Lecturer: Mauro Mosca ( University of Palermo –DEIM A.A. 2014-15

Einstein relationsEinstein relations

( )

coefficienti di Einstein

=

Page 4: Lasers Lecturer: Mauro Mosca ( University of Palermo –DEIM A.A. 2014-15

Einstein relationsEinstein relations

=

Page 5: Lasers Lecturer: Mauro Mosca ( University of Palermo –DEIM A.A. 2014-15

Einstein relationsEinstein relations

Page 6: Lasers Lecturer: Mauro Mosca ( University of Palermo –DEIM A.A. 2014-15

EsercizioEsercizioQuale temperatura si dovrebbe Quale temperatura si dovrebbe raggiungere per ottenere emissione raggiungere per ottenere emissione stimolata per delle frequenze ottiche stimolata per delle frequenze ottiche all’equilibrio termico (es. all’equilibrio termico (es. = 632,8 nm)? = 632,8 nm)?

Dalla 2kT

h

e

K 804322ln1062,6

1074,41062,6

2ln 23

1434

k

hT

Page 7: Lasers Lecturer: Mauro Mosca ( University of Palermo –DEIM A.A. 2014-15

Two-levels laserTwo-levels laser

? ? ? ?

Page 8: Lasers Lecturer: Mauro Mosca ( University of Palermo –DEIM A.A. 2014-15

Two-levels laserTwo-levels laser

Page 9: Lasers Lecturer: Mauro Mosca ( University of Palermo –DEIM A.A. 2014-15

Three-levels laserThree-levels laser

Page 10: Lasers Lecturer: Mauro Mosca ( University of Palermo –DEIM A.A. 2014-15

GainGain

mezzoomogeneo

!

=

Page 11: Lasers Lecturer: Mauro Mosca ( University of Palermo –DEIM A.A. 2014-15

-levels laser-levels laserThreeThreeFourFour

Page 12: Lasers Lecturer: Mauro Mosca ( University of Palermo –DEIM A.A. 2014-15

mezzo attivo(amplificatore)

L A S E Rlight amplification by stimulated emission of radiationOSCILLATOR

FEEDBACK POSITIVO

parzialmente riflettente

Page 13: Lasers Lecturer: Mauro Mosca ( University of Palermo –DEIM A.A. 2014-15

Optical resonatorsOptical resonators

risonatore di Fabry-Perot

Page 14: Lasers Lecturer: Mauro Mosca ( University of Palermo –DEIM A.A. 2014-15

Laser oscillationsLaser oscillations

=

gain in excess of loss

Page 15: Lasers Lecturer: Mauro Mosca ( University of Palermo –DEIM A.A. 2014-15

Laser propertiesLaser properties

Page 16: Lasers Lecturer: Mauro Mosca ( University of Palermo –DEIM A.A. 2014-15

Modi longitudinaliModi longitudinali

Page 17: Lasers Lecturer: Mauro Mosca ( University of Palermo –DEIM A.A. 2014-15

Doppler shiftDoppler shift

Page 18: Lasers Lecturer: Mauro Mosca ( University of Palermo –DEIM A.A. 2014-15

EsercizioEsercizioQuanti modi sono presenti a 300 K all’interno Quanti modi sono presenti a 300 K all’interno dello spettro d’uscita di un laser He-Ne, la cui dello spettro d’uscita di un laser He-Ne, la cui cavità è lunga 50 cm?cavità è lunga 50 cm?Il Il Doppler shiftDoppler shift dell’emissione dell’He-Ne a 300 K dell’emissione dell’He-Ne a 300 K risulti pari a 1,5 GHzrisulti pari a 1,5 GHz

distanza tra i modi

numero di modi dentro lo spettro =

Page 19: Lasers Lecturer: Mauro Mosca ( University of Palermo –DEIM A.A. 2014-15

Modi trasversaliModi trasversali

off-axis rays also may interfere…

Page 20: Lasers Lecturer: Mauro Mosca ( University of Palermo –DEIM A.A. 2014-15

Pulsed laser: Q-switchingPulsed laser: Q-switching

Laser medium with high loss:

What does it happen if

?

Page 21: Lasers Lecturer: Mauro Mosca ( University of Palermo –DEIM A.A. 2014-15

Pulsed laser: Q-switchingPulsed laser: Q-switching

Page 22: Lasers Lecturer: Mauro Mosca ( University of Palermo –DEIM A.A. 2014-15

Argon laser Argon laser

Page 23: Lasers Lecturer: Mauro Mosca ( University of Palermo –DEIM A.A. 2014-15

Nd:YAG laserNd:YAG laser

Page 24: Lasers Lecturer: Mauro Mosca ( University of Palermo –DEIM A.A. 2014-15

Semiconductor Laser: Semiconductor Laser: giunzione giunzione p-np-n all’equilibrio all’equilibrio

EC

EC

EV

EV

EF EF

p n

= 0,7 – 0,8 V

p n

Page 25: Lasers Lecturer: Mauro Mosca ( University of Palermo –DEIM A.A. 2014-15

EC

EV

EF EF

p n

EA

ED

Semiconductor Laser: Semiconductor Laser: drogaggiodrogaggio

Page 26: Lasers Lecturer: Mauro Mosca ( University of Palermo –DEIM A.A. 2014-15

Semiconductor Laser: Semiconductor Laser: polarizzazionepolarizzazione

p n

EC

EV

EF EF

p n

V0

Page 27: Lasers Lecturer: Mauro Mosca ( University of Palermo –DEIM A.A. 2014-15

Semiconductor Laser: Semiconductor Laser: polarizzazionepolarizzazione

Page 28: Lasers Lecturer: Mauro Mosca ( University of Palermo –DEIM A.A. 2014-15

Semiconductor laserSemiconductor laser

E

EC

EV

x

transition that occursspontaneously

transition stimulatedby incoming photons(same Eg)

positive feedback to thestimulated transition

LED

opticalamplifier

LASER but…

Page 29: Lasers Lecturer: Mauro Mosca ( University of Palermo –DEIM A.A. 2014-15

Semiconductor laser:Semiconductor laser:lasing conditionslasing conditions

1)

Solution)

Page 30: Lasers Lecturer: Mauro Mosca ( University of Palermo –DEIM A.A. 2014-15

Semiconductor laser:Semiconductor laser:lasing conditionslasing conditions

2)

Solution)edge-emitting laser

g

V

Page 31: Lasers Lecturer: Mauro Mosca ( University of Palermo –DEIM A.A. 2014-15

LossesLosses

Why so high losses?

g

nGaAs = 3,35 R = = 0,292

dipendenza lineare da R

EC

EV

EF EF

Page 32: Lasers Lecturer: Mauro Mosca ( University of Palermo –DEIM A.A. 2014-15

Losses:Losses:free carrier absorptionfree carrier absorption

free carrier absorption

Page 33: Lasers Lecturer: Mauro Mosca ( University of Palermo –DEIM A.A. 2014-15

Heterojunction laserHeterojunction laser

homojunction heterojunction

Page 34: Lasers Lecturer: Mauro Mosca ( University of Palermo –DEIM A.A. 2014-15

Light-Current characteristicLight-Current characteristic