T. Tajima, A. Necas, G. Mourou, S. Gales, and M. LeroyTAE, Ecole Polytechnique, IPN Orsay, and U. Strasbourg

T. Massard, Y. Brechet, M. Binderbauer, J. Tanner, K. Hattfield, S. David, F. Carre, J. Tommasi, P. Martin, B. Boullis, M. Mizumoto, Y. Fujiie

8th ICUIL ConferenceLindau, Germany

Sept. 12, 2018

Laser-Driven Fusion-Triggered Liquid Transmutator

New Philosophy and Scienceto Fulfill Self-responsibility

20th Century: Science of Discovery

à

21st Century:Toilet Science:

Responsive tosocietal issuesself-inflicted Tajima

(Jan. 18,2005)

From “Kitchen Science” to “Toilet Science”

Human are superior in working together via communication, which won out over Neanderthals.They have been extremely good in “kitchen science” to get to “food”. However, they have been negligent or weak in thinking “toilet science” to ”treat waste”.

Examples:1. Petroleum civilization: Convenient modern life ----à Homo Sapiens-triggered climate change2. Space: Sputnik in 1957 ----à Millions of space debris endanger astronauts and satellites3. Particle physics: appetite for higher energy acceleration -----à need to compactify and radio-nontoxic, including high

energy beam dump4. Nukes: Only 4 years to get Fermi’s Chicago pile (1940) ----à Nowhere to flush radioactive waste

Go from Solid to Liquid ⇒ Safety ↗- Intrinsic safety ---no Fukushima;Chernobyl

Thermal expansion and neutron-capture up (as T ↗)

Opera>on at 1 atm

- Passive safety: liquid tank=frozen plug ---no Fukushima;Chernobyl

- External control knobs increased delayed n (s.a. Hf) , control rods, control of n-source

- Real-time monitor and AI: liquid transparency

- No fuel processing: solid fuel fabrica>on not needed

Idaho

Our “Toilet” for Nukes:

Idaho National Lab – Integral Fast Reactor (1986)

“…back in 1986, we actually gave a small [20 MWe] prototype advanced fast reactor a couple of chances to melt down. It politely refused both times.”

Motivation for transmutation of MA

Dura0on Reduc0on1000x

Volume Reduc0on 100x F. Carre (2007)

transmutationof spent fuel MA

à

Reduction of radiotoxicity (Japanese strategy)

MS N L ( . (3 3p 12

A 9 p 05

7 7 FA F

( A % F r 7 FT c IP A

s 9 F mF C r

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102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

1010

100 101 102 103 10 4 105 106 10 7

Time after Reprocessing (year)

No Transmutation

LLFP : FPs with T1/2 ≥ 30 years

ALI I

nges

tion

Haza

rd In

dex

of H

LWpe

r One

Met

ric T

on o

f Fre

sh F

uel

100% MA & LLFP

99.9% MA

99.9% MA & LLFP

nat. U (1 ton)

90% transmutationfor MA & LLFP

99.5% MA & LLFP

100% MA

0.2% U ore (1 ton)

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M. Mizumoto(2006)

Neutron Energy Window: MA Fission Triggered (1-15MeV)

Neutron Absorption (Red) vs Fission (Green) Cross Sections

241Am + n à242Am241Am + n à FPa + FPb+… + (3-7) “n” s + energy

Am – 241 Cm – 243

Neutron cross-sections in > 1MeV:Fission > Neutron Absorption

8

14.1 MeV Fusion Neutrons

Our Liquid Transmutator (our “toilet”) : Design• Safe by Liquid solution-FLiBe (molten salt with very high boiling pt; passive safety

valve; thermal expansion; )• Safe by realtime monitor and control (by passive observation of gamma

emission, by laser and laser Compton gamma)• Safe operation, including delayed neutron treatments tec. (O(100MW))• Light burden on accelerator-driven Fusion Trigger (flexibility, safety, compact,

mobile, inexpensive) O(100kW)• Small and low energy Fusion trigger (compact and cheap) O(MW)• Possible mixing of Pu into MA: hard for weaponization• à Confluence of many technologies : catapult from low-energy laser-driven

accelerator-driven fusion, to fusion-triggered fission; safe liquid-phased MSR ; liquid MA monitored / controlled realtime by laser; chemical separation in liquid

Energy CatapultingNeutron Multiplying

~10 % deuterons achieve fusion140 keV deuteron beam

200 MeV Fission-Q

14 MeV neutrons

!"#$%&''

~)* +, Neutrons mul?ply

Dissolved solution of

LiF-BeF2 (FLiBe) – molten salt+

Transuranics (Pu, Am, Cm, Np)+

Fission products (Sr, Zr, Tc, Te, Cs … )

Laser – neutron source

Electrostatic accelerator – neutron source

OR

ES accelerator 150 keV deuteron 14 MeV neutron Transmute Pu+MA by fission

Active laser monitoring

• Passive gamma• NRF

Control rods

a –neutron source tankb – Transmutation tankc – Laser pulsed1 –DT or DD fusion neutronsd2 – deuteron beame – keyholef – mirrorg – entrance windowh – nanometric foil [1-10 nm]i – solid titanium-tritium target at the back end of keyhole

Single keyhole zoomSingle keyhole zoom A

B

Laser driven neutron sources

Mourou et al.: Nature Photon. (2013)

CAIL (Coherent Acceleration of Ions by Laser) vs TNSA

à#

from (Tajima et al. 2017)

# : the regime our transmutator operates

Deuteron energy vs. thickness of foil

Steinke et al (2010)

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target thickness [normalized to laser intensity]

Ener

gy

Optimum parameters (sweet-spot) for ion acceleration at

Our simulations: Optimal Thickness of Target Coherent Acceleration of Ions by Laser (CAIL)

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Experiment: Our simulation

Highly-energetic Deuterons accelerated by laser in CAIL

Deuteron Energy [MeV]

Theoretical max ion energy

Parameter Value

Intensity*, W/cm2 5x1017

Pulse length, fs 45

Beam width, µm 3.6

Laser energy, mJ 6

Foil thickness, nm 10

Skin depth, nm 25.3

Electron density 1/cc 4.4x1022

Critical density 1/cc 1x1021

Rep rate, kHz 10

(Tajima et al, 2009; Steinke et al, 2010)

deut

eron

s

(Coherent Acceleration of Ions by Laser)

Fusion cross section

Scan Laser Pulse Length at

Pulse length [fs]

Efficie

ncy

[%]

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Shorter pulse higher efficiency coupling

!L = 2⇡c�

Laser accelerator : Efficient coupling ( ~50%) to ions in CAILThe shorter the laser pulse, the higher deuteron acceleration (totally different from TNSA)Very little energy needed per pulse (mJ).

70th Birthday

Danke Schoen!