lascaux cave art & memory. detour to lascaux.ppt
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Lascaux Cave Art & Memory
Detour to Lascaux.PPT
Why did artist overlap these and other images, given enormous “canvas”?
Photographic Photographic MemoryMemory
Also known as Also known as eidetic memoryeidetic memory
5% of preschool 5% of preschool children show children show evidence of eidetic evidence of eidetic memorymemory
Images persistImages persist
Savant SyndromeSavant Syndrome (previously Idiot Savant)(previously Idiot Savant)
Often mentally retarded or deficit Often mentally retarded or deficit except for “splinter” skills:except for “splinter” skills:– Calendar calculationCalendar calculation– Music performanceMusic performance– Mathematical Mathematical (primes, multiplication)(primes, multiplication)
– Artistic creation Artistic creation – Spatial skillsSpatial skills– Map memorizationMap memorization
PHENOMENAL MEMORY BUT NARROWPHENOMENAL MEMORY BUT NARROW
Savant SyndromeSavant Syndrome(Autistic Savant)(Autistic Savant)
Autistic Savants Autistic Savants account for half of account for half of SavantsSavants– Aabout 10% of autistics Aabout 10% of autistics
exhibit savant skills exhibit savant skills Other developmental Other developmental
disorder & brain injury disorder & brain injury account for remainderaccount for remainder
Can normal people Can normal people exhibit savant skills?exhibit savant skills?
Kim Peek, Mega-Savant, Rainman
Video: Uncommon Genius
Causes of Savant SyndromeCauses of Savant Syndrome Social deprivation or isolation – e.g. Kim Social deprivation or isolation – e.g. Kim
PeekPeek Compensation (poor abstract ability so Compensation (poor abstract ability so
focus intently on surface level of world)focus intently on surface level of world) UndistractableUndistractable Concrete reasoningConcrete reasoning Pre-verbal coding scheme survivesPre-verbal coding scheme survives
Why am I autistic, and you aren't?" He expresses himself with the help of the alphabet board.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)(TMS)
Synder et al (2003). Savant-like skills exposed in normal people by suppressing the left fronto-temporal lobe. - Stylistic changes in drawing were facilitated by the magnetic pulses in 4 of 11 participants
Young et al (2004. Switching skills on by turning off part of the brain.5 of 17 showed improvements declarative memory, drawing, mathematics, and calendar calculating
Test for Eidetic MemoryTest for Eidetic Memory
Infant AmnesiaInfant Amnesia
Little to no recall first few years of Little to no recall first few years of lifelife
Girls generally show earlier recall Girls generally show earlier recall than boysthan boys
Why?Why?– Change in coding system, how we Change in coding system, how we
represent informationrepresent information
Test of Sensory Register
A B C D
E F G H
I J K LDemo – Arrow will appear to left of one of the rows
Probe
Answer
A B C D
Ok ready
Next slide will be shown for only a few
milliseconds
A H G J
K T Y U
P M R W
• Sensory register – what survives transfers to STM
Memory System
Extent Duration
Sensory Register
“10 Megs” milliseconds
Short-Term Memory (STM)
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
STM Memory Span
• CLASS EXERCISE
STM Memory Span
• 6194• 37852• 965283• 4269851• 81637249• 625734981
• 93 82 47 15
STM Memory Span
• 6194• 37852• 965283• 4269851• 81637249• 625734981
• 93 82 47 15 - chunking (4 categories, not 8)
Memory System
Extent Duration
Sensory Register
10 Megs milliseconds
STM 7 +/- 2 < 30 seconds
LTM
Primacy & Recency Effects
• Class Exercise
Primacy & Recency Effects
• Candle• Maple• Subway• Tiger• Ceiling• Ocean• Paper• Thunder• Sofa• Dollar• Wagon• Doorbell
Retrieval TypesRetrieval Types
• Free recall _______
• Cued recall M _ _ _ _ or ____ LEAF
• Recognition CHAIR TABLE SOFA
• Implicit Asked to name a piece of furniture after having seen one in unrelated task or test, or
• complete the following SOF_
Mnemonics
• Categorical clustering – organize list into set of categories
• Interactive images – visual items of list interacting together
• Pegword – associate items to predetermined list (good for serial recall)
• Method of loci – place items in a visualized walk through well known area (serial)
• Acronym – form word from first letters• Acoustic – form sentence (Every good boy d…)
• TAXONOMY •
• KEEP___________ KINGDOM
POND___________ PHYLUM
CLEAN___________CLASS
OR___________ ORDER
FISH___________ FAMILY
GET ___________GENUS
SICK___________SPECIES •
• THE 5 KINGDOMS •
• MY___________ MONERA
PUPPY___________PROTISTA
FEELS___________FUNGI
PRETTY___________PLANT
AWESOME___________ANIMAL
Memory System
Extent Duration
Sensory Register
10 Megs milliseconds
STM 7 +/- 2 < 30 seconds
LTM Infinite lifetime
Long Term Memory
• Permanent storage
• Information represented more conceptually than perceptually
• Memory as
active process
• Retrograde amnesia – loss of memory prior to
trauma– Last in, First out (LIFO)
• Anterograde amnesia– loss of ability to form
new memories after trauma
Example Trauma to LTMExample Trauma to LTM
• ECT = Electroconvulsive shock therapy
Patient H.M. Patient H.M. (Hippocampus)(Hippocampus)
• Bilateral temporal lobe resection for treatment of epilepsy.– Included removal of hippocampus and amygdala from both sides.
Consequences of Psychosurgery for H.M.Consequences of Psychosurgery for H.M.
• Positive
- Seizures better controlled
- IQ unaffected; still a bright guy
- Good LTM for events before surgery
- Good command of language including vocabulary
- Remembered his name and job he held
• Negative • Suffered anterograde amnesia -
unable to transfer new STM into LTM– unable to remember new people,
places or objects for more than a minute
– unable to recognize people he met during surgery including his neurosurgeons
– took a year to learn his way around a new house
Suffered retrograde amnesia for info acquired a few years before surgery (How to test someone’s recall of the past?)
Retrograde Amnesia Test: Retrograde Amnesia Test: Famous Faces of the PastFamous Faces of the Past
Patient HM Patient HM • Revealed declarative/ nondeclarative distinction
– Declarative memories (explicit memories) involve conscious recollection of events and information.
– What facts mean.• H.M. lost this ability.
– Nondeclarative memories (implicit memories) involve ability to acquire and perform new behaviors or associations. Recalled unconsciously.
– How to perform a task.• H.M. retained this ability.
– could perform mirror-tracing after training but could not remember doing the task before
Memory by ContentMemory by Content
Rehearsal – acoustic or visualRehearsal – acoustic or visual
Distributed > Mass Encodings on Retrieval
Depth of Encoding is related to Depth of Encoding is related to ease of recallease of recall
Flashbulb MemoriesFlashbulb Memories
• Unique events, often life-threatening like Challenger or Columbia explosion, JFK assassination, WTC attack
Encoding SpecificityEncoding Specificity
• Context is encoded during acquisition• Context (internal and external environment) acts as
nonconscious cues during retrieval
– Information learned in a classroom is better recalled in the same classroom than another classroom or setting
– Information learned in one mental state (alert, intoxicated, etc) is better recalled in similar mental state
Interference Exercise
Forgetting Due to decay of memory trace Due to interference in retrieving trace
Animals Cheetah Falcon Sparrow Caribou Crab Catfish Coyote
Animals Bison Raccoon Duck Mole Turtle Ferret Trout
Goose Leopard Shrew Hawk Deer Fox Hammerhead
Canary Weasel Buffalo Cougar Turkey Lizard Goldfish
Hedgehog Eagle Elk Lobster Panther Moose Groundhog
Hummingbird Crocodile Cow Jackal Chicken Squid Eel
Mink Owl Lion Salmon Wolverine Quail Ox
Alligator Condor Wolf Antelope Pheasant Tiger Sea horse
Hyena Vulture Tuna Mongoose Muskrat Yak Gazelle
Iguana Ostrich Llama Otter Woodchuck Zebra Raven
Terrain – CATEGORY SHIFT Hill Strait Ravine Isle Territory Bay Woodland
Terrain Waterfall Cavern River Lawn Forest Valley Channel
Terrain Stream Mountain Pool Cave Island Rapids Hollow
Terrain Steppe Cascades Woods Park Gulch Basin Keys
Terrain Peak Passage Grotto Creek Knoll Whirlpool Plateau
Terrain Drift Canal Grounds Ocean Gorge Tunnel Path
Terrain Canyon Orchard Sandbar Bluff Glen Brook Garden
Terrain Cove Heights Gully Ditch Plain Pond Mound
Terrain Penisula Cliff Depression Summit Terrain Lagoon Fjord
Terrain Ridge Gap Gutter Isthmus Plantation Flood Waterway
INTERFERENCEINTERFERENCE
LEARN LEARN TEST
RETROACTIVE
(eg., early tel.no.)
OLD NEW OLD
PROACTIVE
(eg., parked car)
OLD NEW NEW
Korsakoff’s SyndromeKorsakoff’s Syndrome
• Fails to Release from Proactive Interference• Anterograde AND retrograde amnesia• Confabulation (tells lies to fill gaps in knowledge)• Poor conversational content, apathetic• Lack of insight *
• However: Normal IQ, alert, attentive
DUE to thiamine (B1) deficiency from prolonged alcohol intake
Korsakoff’s SyndromeKorsakoff’s Syndrome
REM Sleep’s “role” in Memory consolidationREM Sleep’s “role” in Memory consolidation
Animal Research in MemoryAnimal Research in Memory