lars gertmar västerås/lund 2002-11-06 lecture at ntnu, trondheim © lars gertmar, 2002 page 1 from...

Lars GertmarVästerås/Lund 2002-11-06

Lecture at NTNU, Trondheim© Lars Gertmar, 2002

From Renewables to Electrical Power and

Fungible EnergyLecture, at NTNU Trondheim, Nov. 6, 2002, in

Electric Conversion in Sustainable Energy '02 by

Lars Gertmar

Professor, LTH/IEA — Corporate Senior Scientist, ABB



Introduction• Electrical Energy

is a Commodity• There is no Green-power

or Black-power• Power & Energy have Environmental Impacts• "Fungible" is a law/business term for

"Interchangeable"• Electric Essentials are Power Electronics,

Electrical Machines & Drives, and Automation• Mechanical Drive Trains and Energy Storage play

roles• Automation/IndustrialIT, Materials and Economy are key issues

2000



Electrical Energy is a Commodity

• Commodity, “a standard product”: – Something useful that can be turned to commercial or other advantage– An article of trade or commerce that can be transported Am. Heritage Dictionary

• There is no Green-power or Black-power, but:Power & Energy have Environmental Impacts / Climate Change:Environment: The sum of all external conditions affecting the life, development

and survival of an organism. Ecological Balance: A state of dynamic equilibrium within a community of

organisms in which genetic, species and ecosystem diversity remain relatively stable, subject to gradual changes through natural succession.

Ecological Impact: The effect that a man-made or natural activity has on living organisms and their non-living (abiotic) environment.

Externalities: Benefits or costs, generated as a byproduct of an economic activity, that do not accrue to the parties involved in the activity. Environmental externalities are benefits or costs that manifest themselves through changes in the physical or biological environment.

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Climate ChangeClimate: The typical or expected (average) weather pattern, as opposed to the actual

weather at any given instant.

Climate Change: This term is commonly used interchangeably with "global warming" and "the greenhouse effect," but is a more descriptive term.

• Climate change refers to the buildup of man-made gases in the atmosphere that trap the suns heat, causing changes in weather patterns on a global scale.

• The effects include changes in rainfall patterns, sea level rise, potential droughts, habitat loss, and heat stress.

• The greenhouse gases of most concern are carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxides. If these gases in our atmosphere double, the earth could warm up by 1.5 to 4.5 degrees by the year 2050, with changes in global precipitation having the greatest consequences.

Ecosystem: The interacting synergism of all living organisms in a particular environment; every plant, insect, aquatic animal, bird, or land species that forms a complex web of interdependency.

An action taken at any level in the food chain, use of a pesticide for example, has a potential domino effect on every other occupant of that system.

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On CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE:

Carbon dioxide CO2 concentration and temperature: evidence from ice cores

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result of burning fossil fuels. ...”

Acrobat Document

atmospheric CO2 close to doubled



Renewable / Distributed

power generation

9) Electric Power Systems Research 57 (2001) 195–204:

Distributed generation: a definition, by Thomas Ackermann, Göran Andersson, Lennart Söder; Table 1, slightly changed

10) There are several adjectives:

distributed, decentralized (decentralised), dispersed, embedded which might confuse.

400



"Fungible" is a law (business) term

• fungible, “interchangeable”

adj. Law of goods or commodities; freely exchangeable for or replaceable by another of like nature or kind in the satisfaction of an obligation http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/webwn/?stage=1&word=fungible

adj. Law (of goods etc. contracted for, when an individual specimen is not meant) that can serve for, or be replaced by, another answering to the same definition Am. Heritage Dictionary

• "Fungible" comes from the Latin "fungibilis," which in turn came from the Latin phrase "fungi vice," meaning "to serve in place of." http://www.word-detective.com/110999.html#fungible



On Fungible, Commodity & StorageH. Lee Willis, ABB Electric Systems Technology Institute, Raleigh, NC, US

…. Modern power industry is particularly difficult to understand because of the dichotomy [=the division into two classes] between electricity’s business and physical manifestations. From the business perspective, electric power is a fungible commodity, something that can be traded much like oil, wheat, or coffee, and for which future markets and hedging systems can and do exist. But in its physical manifestation, electricity is quite unlike all other traded commodities. Perhaps the fundamental difference is that it cannot be stored to any significant degree. This greatly affects how it must be managed as a business asset, and greatly constrains how its present and future market prices do or don’t interact, as compared to other commodities. In a large part due to its “storage-less” nature ...

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Power Electronics, Electrical Machines and Drives are essentials in utilization

and generation (1)• Energy from the Wind for Advanced Industrial Utilization



Power Electronics, Electrical Machines and Drives are essentials in utilization

and generation (2)• Energy from CHP or Rains for Advanced Industrial Utilization

Three Options: Troll A pre-compression — Kollsnes• Gas Turbine: no CO2 reduction, lowest cost, high

loss• HVAC Cable: CO2 free, bulky• HVDC Light: CO2 free chosen

HVDC Light

HVDC Light

Economical evaluation Life Cycle Cost, LCC

Important parameters: life time efficiency interest energy price gas price environmental f(r)ee

Environmental evaluation

Increased generation efficiencyReduction of CO2 by 80 % plusReduction of SOx, NOx

M otorForm er4-pole, 40M W0 - 65 Hz

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CHP or Hydro Power

Fungible Power



Automation

• The integration of measurement, control, and information technologies to manage a process, equipment, or a complex system.

• A means to improve the quality, productivity, safety, and consistency of a repetitive or a foreseen series of operations.

• A controlled operation of an apparatus, process, or system by mechanical or electronic devices that is replacing or supervening human organs of observation, effort, and decision.



Mechanical Drive Trains & Energy Storage play roles



Materials & Economy are fundamental

Informatics Electrical Engineering& Electronics

Physics Mechanics

Energy & Environment

Chemistry Materials

Mathematics

Sustainability AffairsIndustrial ITAutomation

Economy

NO: bærekraftig energiDK: vedvarende energi , VESE: hållbar(a) energi(system)

uthållig teknik



Some web addresses and other sources Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDE) is a program of the International Energy Agency (IEA http://www.iea.org) IEA’s ETDE World Energy Base, ETDEWEB http://www.etde.org/etdeweb/ is a general web on energy and especially on energy research activities like small-scale hydro and nuclear. ETDEWEB holds on-line reports.

Wiley Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering., http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/eeee/ Encyclopœdia Britannica DVD 2000, http://www.britannica.com/ http://www.eb.com/ http://www.electricitystorage.org/ a rename of the former Energy Storage Association http://www.innogy.com/ which is the former UK company National Power IEA’s web http://www.iea.org

A special solar electricity conference with the address http://www.iea.org/venice/ IEA has furthermore several solar sites http://www.iea-pvps.org http://www.pvdatabase.com/ Biomass, Wind & Solar are massive on the web while Tidal & Wave are difficult to find on the web National boards & ministry labs, e.g. www.stem.se , www.energistyrelsen.dk & www.nrel.doe.gov



Systems & methods for el. generationFuel Cells are Converters, no basic Energy Sources. — Fuel Cells: Hydrogen, H2, is ONE input; DC Electricity is ONE output — Hydrogen, H2 is an intermediate Energy Carrier.

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Fungible Energy



From Renewables to Electrical Power and Fungible Energy:

Conclusions• Electrical Energy is a Valuable & Widespread Commodity• Power & Energy have Environmental Impacts• "Fungible" is a law/business term for "Interchangeable"• Essentials are Power Electronics,

Electrical Machines and Drives• Mechanical Drive Trains and Energy Storage play roles• Automation/IndustrialIT, Materials and Economy are key issues• Most essential are “externalities” & “next generations”

“team work & communication”



Automation Industrial IT

DG & RE facilities need realtime Industrial ITwhich includes transaction processing

Transactioncharacter

Real-timecharacter

Processcontrol

Energy production & power grid execution systems

Planning & scheduling .

Coactiveconversion

Wind turbinesSolar panels

Power grid &Power plants

CHP, -turbinesRefuse burners

Fuel cells

Sensors& Meters

Generators &Power

electronics

Reactive power&

Energy storage

ACM P.M.

Production &T&D capability

Transmission lines

3-

Management ofenergy production& power grid

Automationand controlData-com

Data-com.,measurement,actuation, andenergy collection

Process

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