larry baxter
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docsTRANSCRIPT
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Cryogenic Carbon CaptureTM
Larry Baxter
Brigham Young University
Provo, UT 84602
Presented to
Mikko Hupa Celebratory Conference
Turku, Finland
September 14, 2012
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Century of Energy
There are excellent reasons to call the 21st century the Century of Energy.
Of the many global challenges, energy is the first. If
we are not able to meet the future demands of
energy in a satisfactory way, it will be extremely
hard if not impossible to solve any other major global issue, such as supplying clean water and
food to the growing population of the world. On the
other hand, with sufficient supply of sustainable
energy we also have excellent possibilities to meet
most of the other challenges that our world faces. Mikko Hupa, The Century of Energy, December 2010
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Outline
Review CCS and CCC processes
Outline Economics and Energy Balances
Laboratory and bench results
Skid development
Future Plans and Conclusions
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CCS Impact on Efficiency
Data from DOE reports 2007/1281, 2007/1291, and Baxter et al, 2010
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CCS Costs
Data from DOE reports 2007/1281, 2007/1291, and Baxter et al, 2010
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Value of Bolt-on Technology
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
No CCS CCC cost Retrofit + CCC Replace+CCC
Re
lati
ve
LC
OE
29% Power Loss
12% Power Loss
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Cryogenic CO2 Capture
Condensing
Heat Exchanger
Compressor Expansion
Flue Gas
Dry Gas
Moisture
Solid CO2 Stream
SO2, NO2, Hg, HCl, etc.
Heat
Exchanger
Solid-gas
SeparatorSeparator
N2-rich Steam
Gaseous N2-rich Stream
Solids Compressor
Liquid Pump
Pressurized Liquid CO2 Stream
Solid CO2 Bypass
Small Ext.
Refrigeration Loop
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ECL Technology Version
Heat Exchanger
And Dryer
Flue Gas
Water
SO2, NO2, Hg, HCl
Heat
RecoverySolid
Separation
Solid
Compression
Pump
Pressurized, Liquid CO2
Heat
Recovery
ExpansionRefrigeration Loop
N2-rich Light Gas
Compression
Ambient Heat Exchange
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More Detailed PFD
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ASU Comparison
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CCS Energy Demand
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
Amine Amine 2 Oxyfuel Membrane CCC
En
erg
y a
s F
rac
tio
n o
f O
utp
ut
Separation Technology Data from DOE reports 2007/1281, 2007/1291, and Baxter et al, 2010
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Cost Breakdown
Data from DOE reports 2007/1281, 2007/1291, and Baxter et al, 2010
Cost dominated by equipment and fuel both issues that can be technically addressed.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Amine Amine II Oxyfuel Membrane CCC
Incr
eas
e in
LC
OE,
/k
Wh
CO2 Monitoring CO2 Storage CO2 Transport Fuel
Variable O&M Fixed O&M Capital
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Actual Gas Temperature Profiles
15
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Energy Efficiency
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
0.825 0.875 0.925 0.975
Sp
eci
fic
En
erg
y (G
J/to
n C
O2
cap
ture
d)
CO2 capture efficiency
72% Efficient Compressor
87% Efficient Compressor
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Desublimating Heat Exchangers
Standard heat exchangers cannot handle solids
formation on surfaces
SES has designed and built 3 desublimating heat
exchangers (patents filed on
all)
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Fluid Bed Demonstrations
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Completed System
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Completed System
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Hyperion
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Live-action Carbon Capture
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Initial HX #2 Data
Brief 9 minute run sampling gases at various locations within the heat exchanger
Data agrees well with BYU model
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SO2 removal
SO2 & SO3 also captured
Initial concentration 14% CO2, 400 ppm SO2 with the
balance N2
Mean SO2 capture is 99.8% which is the detection limit
of the instrument 0% 10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
110%
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00
SO
2 C
ap
ture
Eff
icie
nc
y
Time (hr)
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Ancillary Pollutant Capture
Temperature -118 C -133 C -146 C
Units ppm ppm ppm
CO2 Capture 90% 99% 99.9%
Species (ppm)
CO2 17 341 1762 176.4
SO2 5-0.1 < 0.8* 0.8*
SO3
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Capture Efficiency at 1 atm
100
80
60
40
20
0
Cap
ture
Eff
icie
ncy
(%
)
-160 -150 -140 -130 -120 -110 -100
Temperature (C)
Flue Gas Composition 14% CO2 dry basis
10% CO2 dry basis
5% CO2 dry basis
1% CO2 dry basis
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Current Status
Analyses and modeling complete
Laboratory-scale components and demo complete
Bench-scale components and demonstration complete
Skid-scale CFG process under construction
Skid-scale ECL process under construction
Pilot-scale system design initiated
Separate energy storage concept initialized (> 90% efficiency, response time < 30 s, capacity 10-30% of
power plant capacity storage, small incremental cost
and footprint)
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Sampo
In Finnish mythology, the Sampo made by the
blacksmith Seppo Ilmarinen brought good fortune
and peace to its owner. It figures prominently in the
Kalevala, an epic poem that played a large role in
defining Finnish culture and identity. The Kalevala
and its Sampo are among the greatest works of
Finnish literature. The form and function of the
Sampo was never clearly defined.
It is perhaps fitting that Seppo was a blacksmith
and created the Sampo, as opposed to it being
god-given or naturally occuring. In that spirit,
todays technologists perhaps have the skill and the vision to create many technologies (processes,
devices, and methods) that will continue to bring
good fortune and peace to the world.
The best way we might honor Mikko is to
rededicate ourselves to developing an energy
Sampo and accept his challenge of 2010.
The Forging of the Sampo,
Akseli Gallen-Kallela, 1893,
Ateneum Art Museum, Helsinki
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Acknowledgements
US Departments of Energy and Interior, State of Wyoming and School of Energy Resources at Univ. of
Wyoming, CCEMC in Canada, Dong Energy, Air
Liquide, Beijing Jiaotong University, and GE for
funding and in-kind contributions
Sustainable Energy Solutions employees and visitors (26 engineers, 1 economist, 2 MBA)
BYU graduate and undergraduate students (3 graduate students, 12 undergraduate students)