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Large-Telescope Instrumentation For Time-Domain Astronomy (Andy Gould – Ohio State) Transients: GRBs   Novae  Supernovae Occultations Microlensing  Events New Phenomena Astrometry: Parallaxes  Proper Motions Planets:    Doppler Transits Astrometry Microlensing Variables:   CVs Solar System: KBOs, NEOs

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Page 1: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey

Large­Telescope Instrumentation   For Time­Domain Astronomy

(Andy Gould – Ohio State)● Transients:          

GRBs                 Novae        Supernovae Occultations Microlensing  Events  New Phenomena

● Astrometry:      Parallaxes          Proper Motions

● Planets:                         Doppler           Transits           Astrometry Microlensing       

● Variables:                CVs                 

● Solar System:     KBOs, NEOs

Page 2: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey

TRIAGE● Already Being Done ● Ripe  for                           

Large­Telescope Instruments

● Smaller = Better 

Page 3: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey

● 6.5m (equiv), 10 deg^2● 15 sec exposures● Every 3 nights● 16 < V < 24● 10 mas astrometry 

(systematics)

Page 4: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey

LSST: What's Left?● SURVEYS● V<16                              

 (a lot!)

● Timescale < 3 days  (GRBs, ulensing, occultations, unknowns)

● Spectroscopy           (RV planet searches)

● Ultra­deep

● TARGETED● Just About Everything

Page 5: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey

Coming Sooner (and Brighter):

● 1.8m, 7 deg^2(ultimately 4 mirrors)

● 30 sec exposures● 3 obs/lunar cycle● 14 < V < 23

● 2 DELTA's● 14<V<16 removed● Single­Telescope 

survey begins “soon”

Page 6: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey

Genesis of KELT(Kilodegree Extremely Little Telescope)

● 2 inch lens● f/1.8● 4Kx4K chip● (23 deg)^2 FOV

Page 7: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey
Page 8: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey

A “Surface­Brightness” Problem

● KELT equation ● K: throughput const.● E: time efficiency● L: detector length● T: experiment duration● F: Focal ratio● gamma: photons rec'd 

Page 9: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey

Why No Scaling WithPrimary Diameter, D?

● Fix focal ratio (F) and detector size (L)● Double D ­­> 4x Area ­­> (1/4)x Exposure time● But ... (1/4)x Field ­­> 4x More exposures● Smaller D ­­> Smaller time fraction in readout● ­­> Choose smaller and smaller D, until ...● ... Sky dominates [V ~ 12 + 5*log(D/5cm)]● [Assumes: pixel/F=5 um, V(sky)=21.3]

Page 10: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey

Fly's Eye Telescope

● 120 4­inch telescopes● 5K commercial chips● 9 um, 7'' pixels● 10,000 deg^2● 30 sec exposures● 3% at V=14● Saturates at V~8.5● Parts:  $1.5M

Page 11: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey

Lazy­Susan Mount

Page 12: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey

Fly's Eye Applications● Transits● Jupiters:                     

V=13: P<1yr● Neptunes:              

V=11: P < 4 days      ● Earths:                 

V=10 M­star Habitable Zone 

● GRBs                    Optical Afterglows  Alerts to SWIFT!!!

● Nova, SN, rises● New Phenomena● Killer Rocks

Page 13: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey
Page 14: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey
Page 15: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey

Perhaps Complemented by a ...

● Satellite  at L1

Page 16: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey

Time­Domain Parameter Space for Large­Telescope Instruments

I: Photometry Surveys● Smaller Area/Deeper/Crowded/Higher Sampling● LSST: (33m^2)x(10 deg^2)x(15s/30hrs)               

= 0.05 m^2 deg^2● Examples                                                                 

1) Microlensing (Bulge)                                        2) Microlensing (M31, other?)                                3) Supernovae (e.g. DES)                                       4) Other?                                    

Page 17: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey

How Microlensing Works

Page 18: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey

How Microlensing Finds Planets

Page 19: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey
Page 20: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey
Page 21: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey

Massive Surveys Induce Optimism ...

Page 22: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey

... And Need for Followup!

Page 23: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey

1995 PLANET Pilot Season

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Second Microlensing Planet

Page 25: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey
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Page 27: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey

OGLE­2004­BLG­343A Magnification A=3000 Event

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Sensitivity to Planets

Page 29: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey

OGLE­2005­BLG­169Cold Neptune in Hi­Mag Event

Page 30: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey
Page 31: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey
Page 32: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey
Page 33: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey
Page 34: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey

Time­Domain Parameter Space for Large­Telescope Instruments

II: Targeted Photometry ● Target of Opportunity                                    

High­mag microlensing events                               GRBs                                                                      Unclassified Transients

● Periodic Variables                                 Transits

● High­Speed and Ultra­High Speed       Cataclysmic Variables                          Occultations

Page 35: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey

ULTRACAM (VLT)

● 2.5' FOV● 0.15'' pixels● up to 500 Hz● Simultaneous 3­color 

Page 36: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey

WIYN Orthogonal­Transfer Chips● Separate (rapid)readout 

for bright stars● Primary purpose:       

tip­tilt corrections● Could be used for  

high­speed photometry

Page 37: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey

Time­Domain Parameter Space for Large­Telescope InstrumentsIII: Targeted Spectroscopy 

● Target of Opportunity                                    High­mag microlensing events                               GRBs                                                                      SNe                                                        Unclassified Transients

● Periodic Variables                                 Transits                                                   RV

Page 38: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey

OGLE­2006­BLG­26515­min exposure on “V=20” star

Page 39: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey

Time­Domain Parameter Space for Large­Telescope Instruments

IV: Spectroscopy Survey ● RV Planet Searches ● Multi­Object                                                              

(Surface Brightness Prob)● Single­Object                                           

Earth­mass habitable­zone planets

Page 40: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey

Standard Lore on RV Precision

● 1 m/s per observation achievable● Can continue to beat down noise by root­N● Fundamental limit: stellar­atmosphere noise● Dramatically confirmed in Sun

Page 41: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey

SOHO RV Data

Page 42: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey

Earth­Mass Habitable­ZoneRV Search

● Slightly earlier (MV=6) stars more stable● sigma = 1m/s: D=6m, 5 min exp, at 10pc  (V=6)● Reflex speed = 17 cm/s● Each measurement: ~Reflex/sqrt{3} = 10 cm/s● 2500 measurements for 5 sigma detection● (80 meas/night)x(250 night/yr)x5yrs = 10^5 meas● Could probe 40 stars 

Page 43: LargeTelescope Instrumentation For TimeDomain Astronomy · LargeTelescope Instrumentation ... 120 4inch telescopes ... LargeTelescope Instruments IV: Spectroscopy Survey

Summary● Targeted Photometry:                                             

Rapid, reliable access to “standard instruments”  +High­speed photometers (“specialized”)

● Targeted Spectroscopy:                                          Rapid reliable access to “standard instruments”

● Photometric Surveys :                                             Microlensing, SN  [need semi­dedicated access]

● Spectroscopic Surveys:                                          Dedicated RV search for Habitable Earths