large renewables - hydrogen energy systems: gathering · pdf filecooper_s mnex ftcal_ s ......
TRANSCRIPT
Large Renewables - Hydrogen Energy Systems: Gathering and Transmission Pipelines
for Windpower and other Diffuse, Dispersed Sources
William C. Leighty, The Leighty FoundationDr. Masaru Hirata, University of Tokyo
Dr. Kazuhiko O’Hashi, Nippon Steel Corp.Dr. Hitoshi Asahi, Nippon Steel Corp.
Jacques Benoit, AMEC JapanGeoffrey Keith, Synapse Energy Economics
World Gas Conference 2003, Tokyo, 3 June 03
Large Renewables - Hydrogen Energy Systems: Gathering and Transmission Pipelines
for Windpower and other Diffuse, Dispersed Sources
William C. Leighty, The Leighty FoundationDr. Masaru Hirata, University of Tokyo
Dr. Kazuhiko O’Hashi, Nippon Steel Corp.Dr. Hitoshi Asahi, Nippon Steel Corp.
Jacques Benoit, AMEC JapanGeoffrey Keith, Synapse Energy Economics
“… an Eco – Responsible Future”
“Opportunities… to sustainable development”
“… sustainable gas system”
Sustainable:
“Meeting our needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”
UNCED, Our Common Future, 1989
– Immediate:
• GW / GCC serious
• CO2 capture and sequestration
– Finally:
• Renewable energy sources
• Large new gathering and transmission systems
“Opportunities…to sustainable development”
Focus: Large-scale windpower
• Lowest cost renewable
• Very large resources worldwide
• Most is stranded: new transmission
• Synergy with
– NG pipeline transmission; geologic storage ?
– Biomass gasification
– Coal gasification: “near zero emissions” plants
ProposedNorth East
AsiaPipelineNetwork
Loop
“ Wind Power –Hydrogen Hybrid Systems and Natural Gas Pipeline Systems in Northeast Asia “
K. O’Hashi, Nippon Steel
M. Hirata, Shibaura Institute
K. Ono, Kyoto University
Shall these pipelines be built of hydrogen-capable line pipe ?
• Pass through, near renewables-rich areas
• Future: NG depleted• “hythane” ® transition: CH4 CH4 + H2 H2• 100 % hydrogen, fuel cell grade (99.999 %)• Incremental investment ?• Enhance pipeline NPV ?• ESFE: Eastern Siberia to Far East pipeline project • IHPF: International Hydrogen Pipeline Forum• Design ? Materials ? None exists
Large
Renewable
Resources ?
Windpower - HydrogenHybrid Systems
By Dr. K. O’Hashi 20 Dec 99
Source: “Overview of the Transportation of Wind-Generated HydrogenUsing Natural Gas Pipeline Network in Northeast Asia” August, 2000By: Asian Pipeline Research Center, Shibaura Institute of Technology
ProposedAlaska HighwayANS Gas Pipeline
Project
“ALCAN” Route
Foothills Pipe Lines Ltd.
Canada
ANS* gas: value-added strategy
• Convert CH4 H2 + CO2 at ANS,via SMR
• Pipeline H2 south to markets: vehicles• Sequester CO2 at ANS, O&G fields• Solve CO2 problem at source• Maintain reservoir pressure:
enhance O+G recovery-- $ billions
• Future: renewables transmission on ROW
* ANS: Alaksa North Slope
ProposedAlaska HighwayANS Gas Pipeline
Project
“ALCAN” Route
Foothills Pipe Lines Ltd.
Canada
Renewable Energy Sources
• Distant
• Dispersed
• Diffuse
• “Stranded”
• Diverse
• Time-varying –– Hourly
– Daily
– Seasonally
– Randomly, unpredictably
RHS: Renewables-hydrogen service for pipelines
• New specification
• 100% GH2; low energy density, volume
• High volume
• High pressure
• Long distance
• High purity: five nines, for FC
• Great Plains Wind: Huge, Stranded
• Big Market: Hydrogen Fuel, not Grid
• Accelerate Conversion
The Great Plains Wind Resource
How shall we bring the large, stranded, Great
Plains wind to market ?
Total USA Wind Resource Estimate: PNL-7789 (1991)USA electric energy consumed in year 2000 =~ 3,500 TWh (billion kWh)
North Dakota
Texas
Kansas
South Dakota
Montana
Nebraska
Wyoming
Oklahoma
Minnesota
Iowa
Colorado
New Mexico
Idaho
Michigan
New York
Illinois
California
Wisconsin
Maine
Missouri
TOTALS
TWh / year MW (nameplate, at 40% CF)
1,210 345,320
1,190 339,612
1,070 305,365
1,030 293,950
1,020 291,096
868 247,717
747 213,185
725 206,906
657 187,500
551 157,249
481 137,272
435 124,144
9,900 2,840,000
73 20,833
65 18,550
62 17,694
61 17,409
59 16,838
58 16,553
56 15,982
52 14,840
10,500 TWh 3,000,000 MW
Example Flowgate InterfacesMAPP – Mid-continent Area Power Pool
Manitoba
Saskatchewan
Montana
Wyoming
Colorado
Kansas
SouthDakota
NorthDakota
Minnesota
Wisconsin
Illinois
Missouri
NebraskaIowa
NDEX
MHEX
WNE_WKS
ECL-ARP
COOPER_S
MNEXFTCAL_S
NI_WUMS
Exporting From 12 Windiest Great Plains StatesNumber of GH2 pipelines or HVDC electric lines necessary to export total wind resource
Wind energy source: PNL-7789, 1991 * at 500 miles average length
$ 401
17
19
22
26
29
30
35
41
41
43
48
50
$ BillionTotal
CapitalCost *
890
40
40
50
60
60
70
80
90
100
100
100
100
3 GWexportHVDClines
$ 5344012,849,3169,984TOTALS
2417124,144435New Mexico
2419137,272481Colorado
3022157,249551Iowa
3626187,500657Minnesota
3629206,906725Oklahoma
4230213,185747Wyoming
4835247,717868Nebraska
5441291,0961,020Montana
6041293,9501,030South Dakota
6043305,3651,070Kansas
6048339,6121,190Texas
6050345,3201,210North Dakota
$ BillionTotal
CapitalCost *
6 GW36” GH2 export
pipelines
WindGen
MW(nameplate)
(40% CF)
AEP,TWhState
Harvesting Stranded Great Plains Wind
• Extant grid: insignificant
• New electric lines
– HVAC
– HVDC
– Double – six – phase (Osborne, MISO)
• New hydrogen gas pipelines
• “E-Pipe”, EPRI “continental supergrid”
– superconducting LVDC
– 100 GW electric
– 100 GW liquid hydrogen
– Rock tunnel 100 m subsurface
– Access for wind? Elec or H2? On-ramp? Storage?
Superconducting “Energy Pipeline”
Paul Grant, EPRI
~ 100 GW electrical + 100 GW LH2
Natural Gas Pipelines in Shield Tunnel “Energy Engineering”, Nippon Steel, 2001
ALL Denmark’s energy from wind
• ALL energy -- elec, oil, gas --replaced by wind
• Prof. Bent Sorensen, Roskilde Univ, DK
• World Hydrogen Energy Conference, June 02, Montreal
• Convert fraction to H2, store in two extant salt caverns
• USA do same ? Vehicle fuel ?
May 03, Palm Springs, CA
Stuart electrolyzer will produce H2 fuel from windpower for city FCEV* buses
* FCEV: fuel cell electric vehicle
Bald Eagle Power Company Inc. Offshore Long Island, NY
• Applied for ACOE permits:
– Offshore, shallow continental shelf
– 402 sq miles, 9 sites, S shore
– Public Notice expected mid – 03
• “SeahorseTM” wind farms, 7,000 MW
• All wind energy converted to hydrogen offshore
• 1 billion kg hydrogen per year: fuel all LA cars
• Demo Phase I: ~20 MW
• Phase II: Max 1,925 turbines, 3.6 MW each
THINK: Multi-GW scale, beyond “Cherry Picking”
• Best wind sites
• Close to transmission
• No-cost transmission: access, wheeling
• Limited: game over soon
• Wind must pay ALL transmission costs:
– “stranded”
– Capacity Factor (CF) problem
• Wind cost doubles ?
The Great Plains Wind Resource
350 Sq Mi
4,0
00
MW
of
Na
me
pla
te
Win
d G
en
era
tio
n
53
x 5
3 g
rid
50
0 m
sp
acin
g
2,8
09
win
d
ge
ne
rato
rs a
t
1,4
00
kW
ea
ch
~ 6
75
sq
km
~ 3
25
sq
mil
es
29 k
m
29 k
m
Tra
nsm
issi
on
~ 8
50 s
q k
m
~ 3
50 s
q m
i
“Distributed Collection”4,000 MW of Nameplate Wind Generation150 x 19 grid 500 m spacing
2,850 wind generators at 1,400 kW each
~ 750 sq km
10 km
75 km
~ 750 sq km
~ 300 sq mi
$0.00
$0.01
$0.02
$0.03
$0.04
$0.05
$0.06
$0.07
$0.08
$0.09
$0.10
H2-A H2-B H2-C ELEC-D ELEC-E ELEC-F ELEC-G
Cost of Dakotas Wind Energy in Chicago$ US per kWh in year 2010
Total Transmission Costs and Losses
Wind Generated Unsubsidized COE
“Electrical Transmission”Scenario
CollectionSystem
AC to HVDCConverterStation
HVDC to ACConverterStation
"STIFF"AC grid
End users
WindGenerators
WindGenerators
1,000 miles+ / - 500 kv HVDC
North Dakota Chicago
Stuart Energy“Hydrogen Energy Station”
SIE
ME
NS
HV
DC
lin
e
+/-
50
0 k
v
No
rth
Da
ko
ta
win
d n
ee
ds
11
5 n
ew
lin
es
at
3,0
00
MW
ea
ch
Tw
elv
e P
lain
s
sta
tes
win
d n
ee
ds
89
0 n
ew
lin
es
at
3,0
00
MW
ea
ch
Zion nuclear plant: 2 of 3 tower systems
HVDC potential: 6 bipoles @ 3,000 MW = 18,000 MW
How much can we upgrade capacity of extant ROW and structures,
with “no net loss of perceived or real safety or tranquility” ?
Stuart Energy“Hydrogen Energy Station”
Distribution
Problem !
Electrolyzers Compressors
GeneratorsICE, CT, FC
AC gridWholesale
End usersRetail
WindGenerators
WindGenerators
1,000 miles
Hydrogen GasPipeline
36" diameter
~ 1,000 psi
Cars, Buses,Trucks, Trains
Liquefy Aircraft Fuel
Storage: 120 GWh
Hydrogen Transmission Scenario
• Low-pressure electrolyzers
• “Pack” pipeline: ~ 1-2 days’ storage = 120 GWh
“Hydrogen Transmission Scenario”Collection Topology Options:
Electrolyzer and Rectifier Location
Electrolyzer
H2O
H2
O2
Electrolyzer
H2O
H2
O2PE
PE
To Compressor orHydrogen Pipeline
To Compressor orHydrogen Pipeline
PE: Power Electronics
Electrolyzer
10 MWWindplant +Electrolyzers
5 MWBiomass
Plant
Compressor
Meter, gasqualitycontrol
Compressor
Meter, gasqualitycontrol
Pipe Flange Pipe Flange
H2 H2
ShutoffValve
ShutoffValve
12" Hydrogen Gas Pipeline
Pipeline
Delivery Nodes
• Simple
• Low cost
• Large or small
• Closely spaced
“Hydrogen Transmission” Scenario• Electricity delivery• Low-pressure electrolyzers
• Pack pipeline: ~ 1-2 days’ storage = 120 GWh
Electrolyzers CompressorsGenerators
ICE, CT, FC
AC grid
Wholesale
End users
Retail
WindGenerators
WindGenerators
1,000 milesHydrogen Gas Pipeline
36" diameter~ 1,000 psi
Storage: 120 GWhat 1000 - 500 psi
Annual Profit / Loss-- Generation of Wind
Energy, Transmission, and Delivery of
Electricity,
With PTC, Wind Capital Cost = $ 700 / kW
(700)
(600)
(500)
(400)
(300)
(200)
(100)
-
100
36-C
-FC
36-C
-CT
36-N
C-F
C
36-N
C-C
T
18-N
C-F
C
18-N
C-C
T
HV
DC
-A
HV
DC
-B
HV
DC
-C
Mil
lio
ns
of
$2
00
1Annual Profit / Loss
Wind Energy Generation, Transmission
Wholesale Delivery of Electricity
With PTC; Wind Capital Cost = $ 700 / kW
Electrolyzers Compressors
GeneratorsICE, CT, FC
AC gridWholesale
End usersRetail
WindGenerators
WindGenerators
1,000 miles
Hydrogen GasPipeline
36" diameter
~ 1,000 psi
Cars, Buses,Trucks, Trains
Liquefy Aircraft Fuel
Storage: 120 GWh
Tabletop Solar-Hydrogen Demo
Hydrogen is NOT a clean, abundant energy
source !
Hin
de
nb
erg
Ma
y,
19
37
La
ke
hu
rst,
NJ
Sa
fer
tha
n g
as
oli
ne
?
Tw
elv
e G
rea
t P
lain
s st
ate
s w
ind
ne
ed
s~
40
0 H
2 g
as
Pip
eli
ne
s
6,0
00
MW
ea
ch
36
” d
iam
ete
r,
65
ba
r
hyco99.ppt 2
abc
Air Products H2 / CO Pipeline - Texas Gulf Coast
MONT BELVIEU
PORTARTHUR
BEAUMONT
BAYPORT
BATTLEGROUND
PASADENA
CITY OFHOUSTON
CLEARLAKE
GULF OF MEXICO
BAYTOWN
ORANGE
225
610
10
45
73
10
10
LAPORTE
LAKECHARLES
Approx. 60 Miles
HYDROGEN
CO
SYNGAS
Air Products Facilities
Approx. 60 Miles
BAYTOWN
“We know how to pipeline hydrogen” Air Products
~ 10,000 miles of GH2 pipeline, worldwide
hyco99.ppt 3
abc
Air Products H2 PipelineBaton Rouge/New Orleans, Louisiana
CARVILLE
PLAQUEMINE
GEISMAR
CONVENT
LAPLACE
GARYVILLE
BATON ROUGE
NOLANEW ORLEANS
LAKE PONTCHARTRAIN
CHALMETTE
BELLE CHASE
Air Products Facilities
Hydrogen Pipeline
TAFT
GEISMAR
hyco99.ppt 4
abc
Rotterdam Pipeline System
ROTTERDAMROTTERDAM
PERNIS
ROZENBURGROZENBURG
ZWIJNDRECHTZWIJNDRECHT
ToTo Moerdijk Moerdijk
Industrial Gas Pipeline
APAP Pernis Pernis
APAP Botlek Botlek
APAPEuropoortEuropoort
ARCOCARSON
ARCOCARSON
MOBILTORRANCE
MOBILTORRANCE
TEXACOWILMINGTONTEXACOWILMINGTON
DOMINGUEZCHANNEL
DOMINGUEZCHANNEL
ULTRAMARWILMINGTONULTRAMARWILMINGTON
SHELL(SHUT DOWN)
SHELL(SHUT DOWN)
ARTESIA BEACH FRWY.ARTESIA BEACH FRWY.
TOSCOWILMINGTON
TOSCOWILMINGTON
FLETCHER(SHUT DOWN)
FLETCHER(SHUT DOWN)
TOSCOCARSON
TOSCOCARSON
110110110
1
405
405
110
VAN NESSVAN NESS
AVE.AVE.
SEPULVEDABLVD
SEPULVEDABLVD
ANAHEIMSTREET
ANAHEIMSTREET
91
710
19
LONGBEACH ARPT.
LONGBEACH ARPT.
190th St.190th St.
CARSON H2CARSON H2
WILMINGTONH2
WILMINGTONH2
AIR PRODUCTS FACILITY
EXISTING H2 PIPELINE
PROPOSED H2 PIPELINE
Air Products CompanyREFINERY ACTIVITY
LOS ANGELES BASIN, CALIFORNIA
CompositeReinforced Line
Pipe (CRLP)
42” diameter3,400 psi
.75” X70 steel.75” composite
NCF Industries and
TransCanada Pipelines
ASME International Pipeline Conference and Exposition,
Calgary, AB, Canada, October 02.
Composite – Reinforced Line Pipe (CRLP) 3,400 psi, .75” X70 steel plus .75” composite
NCF Industries and TransCanada PipelinesASME International Pipeline Conference and Exposition,
Calgary, AB, Canada, October 02.
Composite exterior
Low-alloy steel liner
Norsk Hydro Electrolyzers
2,000 kW each
Compressor
Reciprocating
Natural gas
3,000 hp
Electric Motor
Drive
“Hydrogen Transmission” ScenarioHydrogen Fuel DeliveryHigh-pressure electrolyzers
High-pressElectrolyzers
GeneratorsICE, CT, FC
AC gridWholesale
End usersRetail
WindGenerators
WindGenerators
1,000 miles
Hydrogen GasPipeline
18 - 36" diameter
~ 1,000 psi
Cars, Buses,Trucks, Trains
Liquefy Aircraft Fuel
Storage: 120 GWh
Electrolyzers Compressors
GeneratorsICE, CT,
FC
AC gridWholesale
End usersRetail
WindGenerators
WindGenerators
1,600 kmGH2
Pipeline
Cars, Buses,Trucks, Trains
Liquefy Aircraft Fuel
H 2
Biomass orCoal
Gasification
O 2
Syngas
CT, ICE GeneratorElectricity
Grid
Reactors Chemicals
Water-shiftReactionH 2
CO 2
CO 2
Sequestration
H20
CO 2 Sequestration
Sequestration
H20
H20
Geologic Hydrogenstorage ?Geologic Oxygen storage ?
“Zero Emissions” Coal Synergy
• ND, MT, WY are wind and coal states• Oxygen byproduct of electrolysis to
“zero emissions” coal gasification plants• 4,000 MW windplant produces –
~ 3.1 million tons O2 per yearvalue ~ $ 19.17 / ton at coal plant$ 59 million per year delivered O2
• Share transmission; CF improve ?• Is “zero emissions” coal “clean” ?• Will CO2 sequestration work ?
Dakotas
Gasification
Company
Beulah, ND
“Raw gas” : H2 + CO2 + CO + CH4 + H2O
Hydrogen Fuel Cost in MinneapolisFrom Dakotas Gasification Company (DGC) Lignite
Lignite – source GH2 * at DGC plant, Beulah, ND @ 1 atm $ 4.44 / MscfGGEE * = $ 1.58 / gal
Volume: 55 billion scf / year = 56 million gallons gasoline(Assume C-sequestration, included in cost)
Annual and 400 miles transmission pipeline and compression costs$350 M pipeline @ 12% CRF = $ 42 MPipeline O&M = $ 5 MCompression energy = $10 MTotal annual cost = $ 57 M / 56 M gallons = $ 1.02 / gal
Wholesale price of GH2 fuel in Minneapolis, end-of-pipe $ 2.60 / gal
Distribution and fuel station cost $ 0.79 – 1.45 / gal
Retail price of GH2 fuel in Minneapolis $ 3.39 – 4.05 / gal
Drive train efficiency ratio: FCEV / ICEV (gasoline) = 2Equivalent retail price GH2 fuel per vehicle-mile $ 1.70 – 2.03 / gal
* GH2 means compressed gaseous hydrogen
* GGEE = gallon of gasoline energy equivalent: H2 = 325 Btu / scf; gasoline = 116,000 Btu / gal
Wind-Hydrogen Fuel Cost in Chicago
No PTC subsidy
Wind-generated electricity in ND $ 0.045 / kWhHydrogen conversion and 1,000 miles transmission 0.052 / kWh
_________Wholesale price of GH2 fuel in Chicago, end-of-pipe $ 0.097 / kWhEquivalent per-gallon-gasoline-energy price * $ 3.49 / galDistribution and fuel station cost $ 0.79 – 1.45 / gal
________________Retail price of GH2 fuel in Chicago $ 4.28 – 4.94 / galDrive train efficiency ratio: FCEV / ICEV = 2Equivalent retail price GH2 fuel per vehicle-mile $ 2.14 – 2.47 / gal
* 1 GJ = 278 kWh; 1 gallon gasoline = 0.13 GJ (HHV) = 36 kWh @ $ 0.08 / kWh = $ 2.89 / gallonHHV means higher heating value of hydrogen.GH2 means compressed gaseous hydrogen
Competition for renewable-source hydrogen fuel
• From NG by SMR (steam methane reformation)
• From coal by gasification, with CO2 sequestration
• Nuclear: electricity, heat
IRHTDF
• International Renewable HydrogenTransmission Demonstration Facility
• Pilot-scale pipeline system
• Can we deliver renewable-source H2 fuel to major urban markets for $2.00 / gallon-gasoline-energy-equivalent?
• Necessary: critical path to conversion ?
Iowa Energy Center, 2521 Elwood Dr., Suite 124, Ames, IA 50010-8263 515-294-8819 FAX -9912
* Ames, ISU
* Ft. Dodge
NHTDF
Biomass and Wind Catchment Areas,
with Delivery Pointsto GH2 pipeline
IRHTDF: generation, conversion, collection, storage, transmission corridor
GH2 geologic storage ?
O2 pipeline
*
I R H T D F• Pilot scale renewables-hydrogen system
Generation
Conversion
Collection
Transmission
Storage
Distribution, end users
Synergy: O2, seasonal
• ~ 10 – 100 MW
• 50 - 100 km pipeline
• Defining it reveals R+D to precede it
• Next steps: Propose RFP
I R H T D F
• Multiple renewables sources
• Demonstration, through “back yards”
• Allay public fears of H2
• Building it proves feasibility, acceptance
• Operating it proves technology maturity
economics
safety
• $ 40 – 50 million investment
• Upper Midwest location ?
Why hydrogen transmissionfor Great Plains wind ?
• Lower cost / kWh than electric ?
• Nascent market: vehicle fuel
• Can’t build 900 new 3 GW electric lines
• Storage
• Underground: more secure, acceptable, permittable ?
How shall we bring the large, stranded, Great Plains renewables to market ?
• Delivered COE: can renewables compete ?
• Whole-system design, optimization:
– Generation
– Collection
– Transmission
– Storage
– Distribution
– End-use
– Intelligence: control, integrate
Conclusions
• “Eco-responsible”, “Sustainable”• CO2 emissions-free
• Renewable-source: transition, final
• What’s incremental cost of making new NG pipelines RHS-capable?
• Improve NPV of a new NG pipeline?
• No regrets
• Opportunity for NG industry
• Start with IRHTDF pilot pipeline; soon
Large Renewables - Hydrogen Energy Systems: Gathering and Transmission Pipelines
for Windpower and other Diffuse, Dispersed Sources
William C. Leighty, The Leighty FoundationDr. Masaru Hirata, University of Tokyo
Dr. Kazuhiko O’Hashi, Nippon Steel Corp.Dr. Hitoshi Asahi, Nippon Steel Corp.
Jacques Benoit, AMEC JapanGeoffrey Keith, Synapse Energy Economics
Your card: mail you CD, this presentation
World Gas Conference 2003, Tokyo, 3 June 03