large molecules used in biology. 3 types of carbohydrates: monosaccharides – one sugar (mono-) ...
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Biology Macromolecules
Large Molecules used in Biology
1) Carbohydrates
3 types of Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides – One sugar (mono-) Disaccharides – Two sugar (di-) Polysaccharides – Many sugar (poly-)
Monosaccharides
Monosaccharide Body’s FIRST source of energy!▪ When exercising, you will use this energy source first.▪ Use this when energy is needed immediately….▪ About to start an endurance sport activity (running, biking,
etc.)
(CH2O)n▪ Polar molecules
Examples▪ Glucose▪ Fructose▪ Galactose
Disaccharides
Dissacharides: 2 sugar units Takes a little longer to break down
for energy Break to simple sugars Break down again for energy
Examples Sucrose – table sugar Maltose – malted sugar found in Malts
Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides: Many sugar units connected
Examples: Starch – plants Glycogen – animals
Encouraged to be eaten by endurance athletes the night before a meet. Carbo-loading
2) Fats
Body’s 2nd Source of ENERGY 2x amount of energy per unit weight
than carbohydrates Energy dense BUT light in weight!▪ Why we store excess energy (cookies) in the
form of fat and not carbohydrates like glycogen.
When exercising, if you can talk while carrying on, you will burn fat. (Aerobic)
Fats (continued)
Consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Like in carbohydrates, but
not in same ratios Very long carbon- hydrogen
chain molecules▪ Non-polar molecules
Basic building blocks: Fatty acids and glycerol
Makes up cell membranes Need about 1 tablespoon /
day in your diet. Avg. American gets a lot
more – obesity.
Saturated Fats No double bonds in
fatty acids Lays flat ▪ Therefore: Solid at
room temp Unsaturated Fats
Double bonds if fatty acid
Not lay flat▪ Therefore: Liquid at
room temp.
Protein
Building blocks of muscles and enzymes
Basic Unit: Amino Acids C,H,O,N▪ Nitrogen is a waste product
– released from body Body’s 3rd Source of
ENERGY. If you’re breaking down
proteins for energy, you’re basically digesting yourself (body)
Nucleic Acids
Involved in heredity Major components
of DNA and RNA Contains C,H,O,N,
and P Basic Unit:
Nucleotide P, Sugar, base 5 Bases:▪ Adenine, Thymine,
Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil