large blackouts world-wide - siemens energy sector · appendix - documentation. ... light load c)...

s

High Voltage

Power Transmission and Distribution

… Lessons learned !

Bottlenecks in Transmission Systems

Large Blackouts World-widePart 1: Reasons & Countermeasures …Part 2: Grid Enhancement with HVDC and FACTS

Dietmar Retzmann

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 2

High Voltage


Large Blackouts 2003 - Contents

1. Overview

2. The US Blackout - Timeline

3. Bottlenecks in UCTE ?

4. Blackouts in Europe - and some others

5. Blackout Prevention & Grid Enhancement5.0 Introduction5.1 Directing of Power Flow5.2 Avoidance of Loop Flows5.3 Prevention of Voltage Collapse5.4 Large Power Systems – Stability Problems & Solutions5.5 Blackout Prevention – Need of Investments

6. HVDC & FACTS - Summary of Features

Part 1

Part 2

7. Appendix - Documentation

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 3

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5.and Grid Enhancement

Blackout Prevention

Part 2

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 4

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Power System Enhancement

The Solutions:The Solutions:

Advanced Power Advanced Power ElectronicsElectronics

FACTS FACTS &&HVDCHVDC

5.0 Introduction

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 5

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Challenges for a Solution Provider

Transmission Efficiency ! Power Quality !

System Stability !

Long Lifetime !

Low

Investment

!

The Solutions are: Power Electronics

FACTS

HVDC

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 6

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Initial Conditions in the US Blackout Area: Overloads and Loop Flows

Source: National Transmission Grid Study; U.S. DOE 5/2002 – “Preview”

System Enhancement necessary:

Source: ITC 8/2003 – “Blackout”

Problems only in the synchronous interconnected Systems

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 7

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Load Displacement by Series Compensation

Load Management by HVDC

Short-Circuit Current Limitation for Connection of new Power Plants

The FACTS & HVDC “Application Guide”

SVC & HVDC for Prevention of Voltage Collapse

Elimination of Bottlenecks in Transmission -Prevention of Overloads and Outages

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 8

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Power Transmission: how to use HVDC & FACTS

VV11 VV22

VV11 VV22

Parallel Compensation

XX

XX

Series Compensation

,, δ 1 ,, δ 2

sin (sin (δ 1 - δ 2)

Power-Flow Control

PP

PP ==

G ~ G ~

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 9

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1st “Session”: Directing of Power Flow

5.1

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 10

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UCTE: Load-Flow Improvement with FACTS/HVDC

DE CZ

Uncontrolled Load Flow

DE

Power-Flow Controller

CZControl of Load Flow

Benefits:Directing of Load-Flow

Basis for Power Purchase Contracts

Significant Increase of Power TransferSource: PTD

SE PT 1998

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 11

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Benefits of HVDC & FACTS

HVDC & HVDC & FACTS FACTS versus versus Phase Phase Shifting Shifting TransformerTransformer

PTD H 1TM / Re 10-2005 11

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 12

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HVDC & FACTS versus Phase Shifting Transformer

Designed for Steady-State Conditions:

The principle is Voltage Source Injection

However, Tap-Changing is very slow:5 - 10 s per Tap, in total 1 min or more for a Full-Range Operation

Remedial Action in Emergency Situations:

Reaction Time must be ≤ 100 ms (e.g. for Voltage Collapse)

This requires HVDC or FACTS

Phase Shifting Transformer

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 13

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2nd “Session”: Avoidance of Loop Flows

5.2

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 14

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360 km

400 MW

Loads

Loads

3 ~

200 MW

Initial Power Flow: From Grid A to B

A B

Avoidance of Loop Flows by means of Power-Flow Controller

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 15

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Now connecting a new Power Station in B

360 km

400 MW

Loads

Loads

3 ~

200 MW

Power Reversal and Loop Flow

A B

3 ~

200 MW

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 16

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Avoidance of Loop-Flows by means of Power-Flow Controller

360 km

400 MW

Loads

Loads

3 ~

Power- Flow Controller

3 ~

Restoration of the initial Power Flow

200 MW

… quite easy

A B

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 17

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3rd “Session”: Prevention of Voltage Collapse

5.3

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 18

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No Support of RecoveryReactive Power or Active Power Injection

Voltage Collapse – with and without additional Measures after System Faults

Voltage remains low Voltage recovers

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 19

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Voltage Collapse - High Motor Loads

During the Fault the Induction Machines Slip increases

This is like a Starting Condition: high Currents 5 x I nominal

High Reactive Power Consumption decreases the Recovery Voltage

Voltage Support is essential

Solutions: SVC + MSC (Option: STATCOM) and HVDC≤However, the required Reaction Time is only 100 ms

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 20

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A Study Example: SVC Muldersvlei, RSA

No SVC - Voltage Collapseleads to Protection Tripand System Blackout

With SVC - System recovers*

The test Case : AC System with large Induction Machine Loads

Fault Duration: 150 ms*

* In this Simulation (RTDS), both Fault duration & Machine Rating have been selected to “hit” the Stability Limit → “slow Recovery”

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 21

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Voltage Collapse: Understanding the Effects

G ~

XL

Load

0 2

0.5

VP

P (pu)

V (pu) 1

1 3

Post-Fault Condition

Strong Risk of Voltage Collapse

Pre-Fault Condition

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 22

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Voltage Collapse

G ~

XL

Load

XC

XC = 0 XC = 0.5 XL XC = 0.75 XL

0

0.5

V

V (pu) 1

Strong Influence of Series Compensation

2P (pu)

1 3

Improved Post-Fault Conditions for P

Pre-Fault Condition and/or V

P

- Step 1: FSC can help!

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 23

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Voltage Collapse

G ~ Load

XC

0

0.5

HVDC: P-Injection

SVC or HVDC

V

SVC: Q-Injection

Stability Improvement

Pre-Fault Condition

21 3

P

XL

XC = 0.5 XL

P (pu)

V (pu) 1

- Step 2: SVC and HVDC can help!

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 24

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4th “Session”: Large Power Systems -Stability Problemsand Solutions

5.4

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 25

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Large Synchronous Systems - Risk of Spread of Disturbances

Limitation of Disturbances: Stable Behaviour

Results of Simulation

Reality during Blackout 1996

Increasing Power Oscillations: System is going to collapse

Source: National Transmission Grid Study; U.S. DOE 05-2002

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 26

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SolutionsSolutions

andand

HVDCHVDC

withwith

FACTSFACTS

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 27

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1st Step: Influence of Series Compensation

VL

V1V2

δ

PPVV11

XXG ~ G ~

,, δ1II

VV22,, δ2

where VV11 = VV22 , δ = δ1 - δ2

V V 22

XXPP == sinsin δ

VC

V1 V2

δwithout Compensation

with Compensation

-- XXCC

Series Compensation

BenefitsReduction of Transmission AngleIncrease of Transmission Capacity

XXCC

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 28

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Variation of the Degree of Series Compensation

0

0.5

P (pu)

δ (pu)90o

1.0

1.5

180o

k = 0k = 0k = 0.2k = 0.2

k = 0.33k = 0.33

V V 22

XXPP == sinsin δ

XXCC = = k k XX

-- XXCC

Stability Limit

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 29

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The Result - Getting more Power out of the Grid

PP--IncreaseIncrease

δ (pu)45o 90o0

P (pu)

0.5

1.0

δ--ReductionReduction k = 0k = 0

kk--IncreaseIncrease

Stability Limit

The Options for System Stability Planning

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 30

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2nd Step: Improvement of Voltage Profile with SVC

Load

SVC

230 kV - 300 km

V2V1

Grid

without SVC

with SVC

a) b) c) d)1.2

1.1

1.0

0.9

0.8

V2

V2N

a) Heavy Load

b) Light Load

c) Outage of 1 Line(at full Load)

d) Load Rejectionat Bus 2

System Conditions:

The maximal Voltage ControlRange depends on: SSVC/SCC

(var. Slope)

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 31

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Use ofUse of

HVDCHVDC

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 32

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HVDC B2B - Virginia Smith Converter Station

The Task: Interconnection of Separated Grids in USA, Voltage Control and Damping of Power Oscillations - “FACTS-B2B”

115 kV230 kV345 kV

G

U2 U1

δG

West System (2) East System (1)

without HVDC

with HVDCactive H 1TM / Re 10-2005 32

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 33

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New DC Cable Link Neptune RTS, USA

Customer:

End User:

Location:

Project

Development:

Supplier:

Transmission:

Power rating:

Transmission dist.:

Neptune RTS

Long Island Power

Authority (LIPA)

New Jersey: Sayreville

Long Island: Duffy Avenue

NTP-Date: 07/2005

PAC: 07/2007

Consortium

Siemens / Prysmian

Sea Cable

600/660 MW monopolar

82 km DC Sea Cable

23 km Land Cable

Ed Stern, President of Neptune RTS: “High-Voltage Direct-Current Transmission will play an increasingly important Role, especially as it becomes necessary to tap Energy Reserves whose Sources are far away from the Point of Consumption”

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 34

High Voltage


300 MW TNB-EGAT HVDC Interconnection

GURUN HVDC CONVERTER STATION

Source:

“Hotel DC”

Adaptationto the localArchitecture

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 35

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Hybrid Solutions:Hybrid Solutions:

DCDCcombined withcombined with

ACAC

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 36

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System A

AC double Link 1

1200 MW

AC double Link 2

System B

200 GW Grid A 200 GW Grid B

System Stability: Comparison of AC & HybridInterconnection (Study for 400 kV Grids)

System A System B

AC double Link 2

DC Link 1

1200 MW

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 37

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AC & Hybrid Interconnection - Test Results

Only AC - System instable after Fault Hybrid AC/DC - System remains stable

AC Link 1

AC Link 2 AC Link 2

DC Link 1

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 38

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China goes Hybrid: AC plus 20 HVDC Interconnections

Sources: SP China, ICPS - 09/2001; State Grid Corp. China, 2003

In to

tal:

20

HVD

C In

terc

onne

ctio

ns

3 x B2B11 x HVDC Long Distance Transmissions

plus

…

2005: 12 GW2020: 60 GW

and

Russian Power Grid

North Power Grid

Center Power Grid

LanchangjiangRiver

JinshajiangRiver

NWCPG

NCPGWangqu Plant

Yangcheng Plant

NECPG

SPPG

CSPGThree Gorges

ECPG

CCPG

Tailand Power Grid

SCPG

South Power GridHPPG

Gezhouba-ShanghaiTianGuang3G-ECPG IGuiGuang I3G-Guangdong

Initially:

GuiGuang II

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 39

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HVDC Long Distance Transmission Tian-Guang

Operated by:South China Electric Power JVC (SCEP)

System Data:Rating 1800 MWVoltage +/-500 kVDCThyristor 8 kVLine Length 960 km

BenefitsUse of Clean &Low CostEnergy

Tianshengqiao

Guangzhou Beijiao

The Task: Connection of Hydro Generation to Remote Load Centers

Tian Hydro Station

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 40

High Voltage


HVDC Long Distance Transmission Gui-Guang II

C h i n aXingren

Shenzhen

China Southern Power Grid Company

Guizhou-Guangdong ± 500 kV Line II

Xingren-Shenzhen China

Project Acquisition Contract 2005

Chinese Corporations and Siemens

Long DistanceDC OHL

3000 MW bipolar

1125 km

Customer:

Project:

Location:

Project Statuts:

Project Team:

Type of Plant:

Power rating:

Transmiss. Dist.:

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 41

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5 10 15 200

0

600

900

1200

1500

-600

300

-900

-300

Time (s)Po

wer

flow

in o

ne li

neHu

ishui

-Hec

hi (M

VA)

a

b

Power SystemGuiyang

Nayong

AnshunAnshun

Huishui

Hechi

Lubuge

TSQ-ILuoping

HVDC TSQ

LiudongYantan

TCSC & FSCPingguo

Baise

TSQ-II

Nanning

Yulin

Laibin

Hezhou

Gaomin

Luodong

ZhaoqingConv. Stat.

BeijiaoConv. Stat.

Guangzhou

Wuzhou

TSQ Conv. Stat.

Yunnan

Guangxi

Guizhou

Guangdong

HVDC GuiGuang

China: Benefits of active Damping with HVDC & FACTS in a Hybrid AC-DC System

a – without Power Modulationb – with Power Modulation

of HVDC Controlc – further Improvements with

Pingguo TCSC/FSC

5 10 15 200

0

600

900

1200

1500

-600

300

-900

-300

Time (s)Po

wer

flow

in o

ne li

neHu

ishui

-Hec

hi (M

VA)

a

b

Power Flow in one Line Huishui-Hechi (MW)

AnshunConv. Stat.

Liuzhou

Hydro Power Station Thermal Power Station

Zhaoqing

Beijiao

Zhengcheng

Time / s

Dynamic Results

Guangxi

Pingguo

FSC

ab

c

HVDC Converter Station

TCSC FSC

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 42

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Use ofUse of

FACTSFACTS

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 43

High Voltage


FACTS - Application of Series Compensation

Damping of Power OscillationsLoad-Flow ControlMitigation of SSR

Controlled Series Compensation:

Fixed Series Compensation:

Increase of Transmission Capacity

TCSC/TPSCTCSC/TPSC FSCFSCα

~ ~

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 44

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500 kV TCSC Serra da Mesa, Furnas/Brazil –Essential for Transmission

Current Control Impedance ControlPower OscillationDamping (POD)Mitigation of SSR(Option)

Benefits:o Increase of Transmission Capacityo Improvement of System Stability

Up to 500 PODOperations per dayfor saving the System Stability

A System Outage of 24 h hours would cost 840,000 US $ *

* 25 US $/MWh x 1400 MW x 24 hrs

> + 60 o C

up to 85 o

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 45

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Staged Fault Tests: TCSCs & FSCs, recorded at Serra da Mesa - Furnas/Brazil

PLINE

0 MW

-880 MW

0 Ω

50 Ω

ZTCSC

5s/Div

No TCSC - System instable -Line Trip after 70 s

TCSCTCSC 5 FSCs5 FSCs TCSCTCSC

1000 km Line

PLINE

0 MW

-880 MW

0 Ω

50 Ω

ZTCSC

5s/Div

1 TCSC - System stable

PLINE

0 MW

-880 MW

0 Ω

50 Ω

ZTCSC

5s/Div

2 TCSCs - Redundant Job sharing

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 46

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Europe: UK goes ahead - 27 SVCs in the Grid

Example Harker Substation - 2 parallel SVCs

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 47

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UK - Benefits of SVC

The Transmission System:

Results of Dynamic System Tests:a) No SVC connectedb) Both SVCs in

Voltage Control Modec) Both SVCs in Power

Oscillation DampingMode

Increase of Transmission Capacity

Prevention of Outages Benefits

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 48

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5th “Session”: Blackout Prevention –Need of Investments

5.5

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 49

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The Gap – between Consumption & Investments

Example 1: United States

Power Consumption

Investments

2001

20

0

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

40

Time

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 20001980 2002

Power Consumption

Investments

2001

20

0

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

40

TimeTime

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 20001980 2002

Source: VDN/ETG Fachtagung 10-11 Feb. 2004 Jena, Germany

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 50

High Voltage


The Gap – between Consumption & Investments

Example 2: Germany – similar Tendency, just “later” and “smoother”

20

0

60

80

100

120

140

40

Power Consumption

Investments

Time

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

20

0

60

80

100

120

140

40

Power Consumption

Investments

TimeTime

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Source: VDN/ETG Fachtagung 10-11 Feb. 2004 Jena, Germany

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 51

High Voltage


Financial Consequences of Blackouts

Short Outages for Industrial Customers : 1,000 €/kWh→ very high Costs

Very long Outages (more than 24 hours) for residential Consumers: 5 €/kWh

Outages less than 24 hours for residential Consumers: 1 €/kWh

Note: “Typical” Long Distance Transmission Costs are ≈ 1-2 € Cents/kWh !

They depend on the Type of “Loads”:

Source: EURELECTRIC Task Force Final Report 06-2004

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 52

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6.Summary of Features

HVDC & FACTS

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 53

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Overview and “Ranking”of the Controllers

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 54

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FACTS & HVDC – Overview of Functions & “Ranking”

Influence: *

no or lowsmallmediumstrong

HVDC (B2B, LDT)

UPFC(Unified Power Flow Controller)

MSC/R(Mechanically Switched Capacitor / Reactor)SVC (Static Var Compensator)STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator)

Load-Flow Control

Voltage Control: Shunt Compensation

FSC (Fixed Series Compensation)TPSC (Thyristor Protected Series Compensation)TCSC (Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation)

Variation of the Line Impedance: Series Compensation

Voltage QualityStabilityLoad Flow

SchemeDevicesPrincipleImpact on System Performance

* Based on Studies &practical Experience

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 55

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System Interconnections: The “Extended“ HVDC & FACTS Application Guide

HVDC LDT

B2B - GPFC

FACTS

Barrier

TCSC SVC* SVC* SCCL

Barrier

Risk

Risk of Spread of Voltage Collapse BarrierBarrierRisk

*or STATCOM

SystemA

SystemB

SystemC

SystemE

SystemF

SystemD

VoltagePowerFlow

Control of Limitation of

Faults SCC

PowerSwingDamping

Spread ofVoltage Collapse

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 56

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Large System Interconnections, using HVDCLarge System Interconnections, using HVDC

SystemA

SystemC

SystemE

SystemF

High VoltageHVDC B2B

SystemB System

D

Large System Interconnections: keep them safe by using HVDC & FACTS – in a hybrid Way

SystemG

by using HVDC & FACTS – in a hybrid Way

and FACTS

AC Transmission- via AC Lines

DC plus AC … the Hybrid Extension

DC – the Stability Booster and“Firewall” against “Blackout”

HVDC - Long Distance DC Transmission

& FACTS

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 57

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PTD H 1TM / Re 10-2005 57

Lessons learned:HVDC and FACTS are essential for Transmission

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 58

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Need for Advanced Transmission Solutions

This isThis is unavoidable unavoidable ... ...

ReductionReductionof Outageof OutageTimes &Times &moremore StabilityStability

BlackoutBlackoutIncreasing Increasing

OscillationsOscillations

If there isIf there is no no HVDCHVDC,, no no FACTS FACTS ......

butbut HVDCHVDC && FACTSFACTS can can support support RecoveryRecovery

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 59

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Intelligent Solutions for Power Transmission

Thank You for your Attention!

… and the Lights will keep shining !

with with HVDCHVDC & &

FACTSFACTS fromfrom

SiemensSiemens

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 60

High Voltage


Intelligent Solutions for Power Transmission

Thank You for your Attention!

with with HVDCHVDC & &

FACTSFACTS fromfrom

SiemensSiemens

PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 61

High Voltage


HVDC and FACTS – The Advanced Solutions for Transmission Systems

http://www.siemens.com/hvdc-facts-newsletter

http://www.siemens.com/hvdchttp://www.siemens.com/facts

http://www.siemens.com/systemplanning

http://www.ptd-training.com

http://www.netomac.dehttp://www.pti-us.com

Source: UCTE Interim Report 10-27-2003Your Solution Provider

Visit Our Web-Sites

HVDC/ FACTSNewsletter

HVDCFACTSTraining

System Planning

NETOMACPTI – now Siemens

PTD H 1TM / Re 07-2005 61

large blackouts world-wide - siemens energy sector · appendix - documentation. ... light load c)...

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